Napoleon Bonaparte Essay -- essays research papers

Napoleon BonaparteNapolen Bonaparte was born in 1769 and died in 1821. Napoleon was amilitary genius for the loyalty of his troops, and for his spectacular victories.The many change of the judicature in France, against the background of war,made possible the rise of a military dictator. Since childhood, Napoleon wastaught stratagies and tactics to help him succeed through battles. At the ageof fifteen, he entered the advance military school, the Ecole Militaire in Paris.Napoleon was promoted to a world-wide at the age of twenty four, where he was putin charge of the Italian campaigns. After conquering most of the ItalianPenninsula, Napoleon gained the support of the government and earned therespect of Sieyes and Tallyrand. They identified Napoleon as their strong manin the Coup of Brumaire.In 1799, Napoleon introduced a dictatorship to bring allege to the chaosin France. He instituted many reforms, for example in the civil service andtreasury. He guaranteed the Frence people equa lity and fraternity. In exchange,he took away their liberty. another(prenominal) reform was the creation of the nationaleduction system. This was a pleasant addition because it adds knowledge to theEmpire. Another was a knew constitution, in this he presented to the public ina plebiscite that required them either to accept fully his version or to allowhim to govern without the restrictions of a constitutions. This...

English Speech Against Physical Punishment of Children :: Papers

English Speech Against Physical Punishment of Children Good morn/Afternoon ladies, gentlemen and chairperson. I am also arguing against the motion that states, this house believes that physical punishment including smacking young kidskinren is wrong. I am a satisfying believer that a short, sharp smack can keep children under control. This doesnt mean they should be beaten up or even marked, notwithstanding strict and fair punishment will benefit a child in the long run. Please picture this scene a young child of around 3 years is having a temper tantrum in the center of a busy high street because his mum wont buy him a toy car. He tries to run away from his mother, screaming and shouting at the same time. To stop the hitch the mother gives in a buys the toy car. Now ask yourself who is in charge here, the mother or the child? After all, the child gets his own way and now knows exactly what to do next time he wants something. In these circumstances, parents may have to resort to a smack to one, get the child listening and doing what they are told, two, stop the noise and temper tantrum and finally, for the childs benefit and own safety. Also, what or who is going to stop an out of control child running out into the middle of a busy road? A quick smack is a lot less pain full then getting knocked down by a car or even a bus There are many in favour of the government leaving the law as it stands that parents have the right to smack their children. Groups such as Family and Youth Concern feel politicians should let parents get on with bringing up their children as they impinge on fit, and warn that any change in the law would risk turning thousands of parents into criminals. They also feel a ban on smacking would be inconceivable to enforce. The opposition may argue that there are other forms of punishment which are just as effective as smacking. For example, ignoring the

Vonneguts Changing Women :: essays research papers fc

Vonneguts Changing Women     What follows is an argument to the effect that, in the novels written before 1973, Vonneguts fe antheral characters generally are presented negatively, either as pro-authority anti-individualists or as helpless or male-manipulated victims who never "grow" in either a personal or literary sense. In addition I exert that, in at least two of Vonneguts later novels, certain female characters exercise individuality in their own existences and effect positively the awareness and attitudes of male characters.     From the beginning of Player Piano (1952) through Slaughterhouse Five (1969), Kurt Vonnegut describes the characters of his various worlds in terms of their victimization at the hands of a dehumanizing, or possibly a better term might be "deindividualizing," technologically fixated, industrial/militaristic society. Time and time again in these novels the role of the individual is subsumed in the miasma that passes for "social responsibility." Like the real world in which every human being exists, Vonneguts literary worlds feature nameless and faceless authorities (when such authorities are offered at all) who seem to be the masters in local, regional, global, and sometimes interstellar chess games. Often, as is the case in Vonneguts 1951 "All the Kings Men," these "manipulators" involve their all-too-sentient pieces in what at times, for the victims, must seem to be diabolical--and what certainly are tragic--maneuvers.     In The Sirens of Titan (1959) and Slaughterhouse Five the "accidental" nature or intergalactic point of view of the authority that seems to be "in charge of things" serves to distance humans from personal responsibility for the results of such maneuvering--as such results are described in the novels. In Sirens, for example, the inappropriate and often asinine behaviors of Malachi Constant are shown to be products of the direct influence of the Tralfamadorians who for millennia have manipulated human societies simply to communicate with a fit messenger shipwrecked on Saturns largest moon. The same excuse can be made for the ultimate human manipulator in the novel, Winston Niles Rumfoord, as it can for the actions and attitudes of Bee, Rumfoords wife and the get down of Constants son, Chrono. That the communications sent to Salo on Titan consist of such inane and, given the non-human nature of the receiver, unimportant content as, "Be patient. We havent forgotten about you," and, "You pull up stakes be on your way before you know it" (271), only makes more pathetic the fact that Tralfamadore has influenced directly the rise and fall of countless human civilizations in order to deliver such messages.

Plot Line Revealed in Act 1 of Shakespeare’s As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

The opening scene of Shakespeares As You Like It, in which there is nothing light hearted, is completely expository and plan but fulfilling its function of revealing the plot line to the audience. The fact that Shakespeare uses this kind of dramatic technique in the first scene twice shows that he wants to apply the wickedness of Oliver perfectly clear. The action starts when Orlando, the younger brother decides to rebel against the oppression of his older brother, who is treating him like a common pheasant. He tells Oliver The spirit of my father, which I signify is within me, begins to mutiny against this servitude. I will no longer endure it, yet I know no wise remedy how to avoid it. Orlandos complaints are completely justified, as Oliver is mean spirited and malicious in the treatment of Orlando, which the audience can clearly see from this opening scene. Oliver appears cold and opposed when he speaks with Orlando Now, sir, what make you here? -And this contrasts greatly w ith the sisterly bond between Rosalind and Celia. Orlando approaches Oliver with defiance and a confrontational attitude, arousing the audiences interest at this quarrel, and establishing his character assertive, honest and bold, a character that every audience will like and take an interest in. Oliver also shows that he is adept in the wordplay matches the play holds. Orlando and Oliver exchange such(prenominal) verbal sparring in the first scene, including when Orlando seizes his brother by the throat, Oliver exclaims, Wilt thou lay hands on me, villain? Orlando picks up the root importation of these words, that he is a person of ignorable birth and replies, I am no villain I am the younger son of Sir Rowland de Boys he was my father, and is thrice a villain that says such a father begot villains. Shakespeare uses an artful device to portray information to the audience by using the two quarrelling brothers. In Olivers monologue we can almost anticipate that he is planning somet hing against Orlando I hope I shall see an end of him The opening scene begins with conflict and tension, which arouses interest in the audience. It also presents us with strong character interactions and strong feelings jealousy, hatred and wickedness, all of which are appealing for anyone watching the play. The theme of injustice also entices the audience and the fact that Oliver is planning against his younger brother is particularly interesting.

Constitution Comparison Essay -- essays research papers

Constitution ComparisonBy AntiYukeI compared the U.S.A. constitution and the Australian constitution. Their differences are as plenteous as their similarities. The Australian constitution is extremely long and drawn out, where as the United States constitution sticks right to the point. All in all, the two constitutions have the same goal in that they wish to bestow the same basic rights to each person.The two constitutions both have a preamble, however the Australian constitution is galore(postnominal) more times greater in length. They both state how the power is bestowed on the federal government, but the power from each comes from different places. Australian takes it from the Queen, where ground forces takes it from the people, displaying how the separation from the British Empire by the Australians was more peace oriented than the rebellion of the United States. The Australian preamble doesnt deal with legitimacy to regular army standards because it doesnt state the reaso ns for its creation where USA simply states, in order to form a more perfect union. The Australian preamble sis spare in that it states things in it that are restated later in the body of the constitution.Both constitutions are segmented into powers bestowed upon branches or states and o...

Constitution Comparison Essay -- essays research papers

Constitution ComparisonBy AntiYukeI compared the U.S.A. constitution and the Australian constitution. Their differences are as torrential as their similarities. The Australian constitution is extremely long and drawn out, where as the United States constitution sticks right to the point. All in all, the two constitutions have the aforesaid(prenominal) goal in that they wish to bestow the same basic rights to each person.The two constitutions both have a preamble, however the Australian constitution is more more times greater in length. They both state how the power is bestowed on the federal government, but the power from each comes from different places. Australian takes it from the Queen, where the States takes it from the people, displaying how the separation from the British Empire by the Australians was more peace oriented than the rebellion of the United States. The Australian preamble doesnt deal with legitimacy to the States standards because it doesnt state the reasons f or its creation where USA simply states, in order to form a more perfect union. The Australian preamble sis unnecessary in that it states things in it that are restated later in the body of the constitution.Both constitutions are segmented into powers bestowed upon branches or states and o...

IT Business Outsourcing Essay

Outsourcing basically means a carry out of constricting to another company. It is through with(p) at the outsourcing clients location under their supervision. There be m any essential factors which are needed to decide whether to outsource the information process or not. First major factor is the activity or the process itself. Main concern should be the process, whether its really needed to be outsourced (Loh et. al, 1992). If it is nerve centre job to that organization, then its fracture not to outsource it.If the task really requires highly efficient skills which is not available in your organization, then its better to outsource it. Second most important factor is the financial strategy. While deciding whether to outsource, main goal of company is to save money. Its essential to verify, what provide be the total cost in both the cases, if the task to be performed within the organization or outside. Hence, the main factors for deciding why to outsource are outsourcers cost, their capabilities and the potential end product which ultimately will reduce the risk and increase organization profit.Influence of Risk Assessment on the finis qualification process when seeking to outsource information processes Risk is always associated with the process of outsourcing. Many organizations who went for outsourcing, failed and few of the reasons are like cultural misalignment, end product not as per the quality and deadlines or delivery times missed. There are mainly two types of risk associated with the process of outsourcing external risk and internal risk. fill moreEssay on Business Process OutsourcingExternal risks are those risks which occur outside the organization and upon which organization do not have any control. these risks includes a search of outsourcer who will offer the required skills in a cost effective manner, an exchange rate fluctuation that can impact the cost savings, lack of ability to guard organization intellectual protection property an d physical location of outsourcer which includes economic and political risk as well (Aubert, 1998). native risks are those risks which occur inside the organization while outsourcing.Language is the most targeted risk if outsourcing happen between two different countries where English is not the base language and the ability of communicating to outsourcers in a remote location where technology is not so updated. Influence of change management requirements on the close making process when seeking to outsource information processes One of the key factors for a successful outsourcing is the organizations effective change management policy. Organizations who failed to manage the changes effectively expect a lot.Within an organization, the most important change management program is to create such a reliable talk strategy, so that the employees dont feel scared about the job security. There should be proper redeployment and retention plans for all employees to make them feel secure . Proper training should be provided to make them understand how to deal with outsourcers. Few change management factors during this process are good leadership quality, crystal clear procedures, strategy safeguarding stakeholders interests, communication strategy and a change-over course of action for every step (Wullenweber et al, 2008).Inclusion of different entities by business when making decisions on the processes to outsource and the third party entity to outsource to Businesses include entities when time comes to decide whether to go for outsourcing or not. When an organization needs a process to be outsourced, decision of top level (CEO or a Director) is essential. Without their confirmation, company cant think of moving ahead. After the confirmation, now its middle management turns to check whether all the important factors are departure in favor of outsourcing or not.Here come different entities like finance, Hr, marketing, quality and third party. Finance department wil l check outsourcing in price of cost saving, while HR will check if the company really needs outsourcing staff or it has its own (DiRomualdo et. al. , 1998). Marketing people will do a survey to acquire a list of best outsourcing companies and quality will judge whether the decision is anywhere hampering the quality and how to improve it in future. terzetto party will also play a vital role as their location, cost of doing outsourcing and few other factors will also effect the decision (W. McFarlan et. al, 1995).

Romeo and Juliet Dramatic Effects

Analyse the dramatic importance of Act 3 Scene 5. Act 3 facet 5 is of huge dramatic importance as it is pivotal to the plot of the play. Act 3 pictorial matter 5 takes place the morning after Romeo and Juliet cook spent their first night together chase their marriage. In the first part of the scene, they are rattling happy and also genuinely romantic as Romeo says How are you, my love? This shows that Romeo cares for Juliet and it also shows how much love, Romeo has neertheless been banished from Verona for killing Tybalt and is preparing to leave.This makes Juliet very upset as they havent even spent a day together. The nurse comes to warn them that Juliets mother is approach path to see her to discuss her marriage to Paris. After Romeo has left, Juliet bursts into tears. When Lady Capulet arrives, Juliet cries even more but Lady Capulet thinks she is instant because of her cousins death. Lord Capulet explodes with anger when he hears that Juliet disagrees with the marri age. The nurse unexpectedly advises her to marry Paris. The key themes highlighted in this scene are happiness, love, parental conflict, anger and perturbingness.In this scene we learn a great deal near the characters of Romeo, Juliet, Capulet, Lady Capulet and the nurse. In the previous scene Romeo and Juliet get married and the Montagues and the Capulets have a fight which proceeds to the deaths of Mercutio and Tybalt. Romeo is banished from Verona for murdering Tybalt because Tybalt has murdered Mercutio. Lady Capulet seems to support and comfort her daughter, but when Juliet argues and shouts she barely hands it over to Lord Capulet who will control Juliet. In the time of Shakespeare the men were in charge of the house and the children so the audience would have hold to the play.Lady Capulet thinks that she can control Juliet, so she informs her of the marriage that has already been arranged. She seems very concerned about Juliet but she cannot control her herself and threa tens Juliet here comes your father. Tell him so yourself, and see how he will take it at your hands. She means I will not say anything so see what your father has to say. In the previous scenes she was very quiet and innocent but in this scene she changes from being quiet into a very loud character which reveals her true nature.The flirt with is a very caring character and understands Juliets problems but in this scene she disagrees with Juliet as she advises her to marry Paris when she is aware that she has already been married to Romeo. This disheartens Juliet so much as she is the only person who she trusted. The Nurse says I think the best thing to do is to marry the count as if she is speaking to someone she doesnt know. Juliet relies on her so much that she is shocked when she hears such a thing come out of the Nurses mouth. Juliet declares from now on I will never tell what I feel in my heart.She also doesnt say this straight to her face as the Nurse would start avoiding her which would please her parents and lead to Juliet getting into more trouble. The Nurse tries to persuade Juliet of Paris superiority and believes Romeos a dishclout to him. The image of the dishcloth indicates that Romeo is not worthy of Juliet. This makes Juliet furious because it was originally the Nurse who reported positively about Romeo. In this scene the Nurse is ambivalent because she supports Juliet when Lord Capulet explodes with anger as Juliet refuses to marry Paris.In previous scenes the Nurse is very appurtenant and thinks of Juliet as her own daughter when she says What, lamb What, ladybird , but in this scene she changes from supporting Juliet to letting her down when she asks for her advice. Lord Capulet is a very severe character throughout the play but he does care about Juliet as he claims that he will not do anything against his daughters will but in this scene he orders her to go to church on Thursday or never look me in the face again.Dont say anything. Dont reply. Dont talk back to me. This quote would be very aggressive when said in the play as he is saying it with aggression and anger. Which shows that the old Capulet has gone. In this scene, generally, everyone shows their bad side as it is now getting serious about Juliets wedding. In this scene Capulet uses metaphors such as when the sun sets, the air drizzles dew. notwithstanding at the death of my brothers son, it rains a down pour. What are you, girl? Some contour of fountain? he is comparing the downpour and the amount of tears that Juliet is producing and he is also trying to express that Juliet is not crying for her cousins death but crying for her husband Romeo. He also slams her on the floor while she begs on her knees and as he is not aware that Juliet is already married he repeatedly tells her to marry but the audience knows that if she marries she will go to hell as there is a sin if she marries again. This scene would have been very dramatic and sad as the audience would have felt sorry for her.By Capulet doing this creates a feeling of tension and pressure for Juliet as she is begging him. From the audiences point of view, Juliet is very innocent but Capulet refers to her as a disobedient wretch. This shows the amount he cares he takes for his daughter. If this were to happen in todays society perchance he would be prosecuted for child abuse. Later in the play Juliet pretends to agree to the marriage but nobody is aware of that. Friar Lawrence gives her a potion that she will have before the night of the wedding so that she will fall into a deep sleep and wake up after 12 hours.Act 3 scene 5 is one of the most dramatic scenes in the play. This scene leads to many misconceptions as the Friar Lawrence was supposed to inform Romeo of the plans but Romeo didnt get the message. But he got the news that Juliet had died. Act 3 scene 5 reveals most of the characters true natures. This scene is important as this is the scene that leads to the death o f Romeo and Juliet and also it reveals the Nurses realistic character as she didnt really understand the true love of Romeo and Juliet. All of the characters undergo a dramatic change in how they behave in this scene.

Humans and Parasites

Parasites and Humans Why Cant We All Just Get Along? Introduction The definition of a parasite is an organism that lives on or in an organism of another species, known as the host, from the body of which it obtains nutriwork forcet. (Dictionary. com,2012) There atomic occur 18 sev timel kinds of parasitic relationships in the world. Mutualism is one of them. This occurs when each member of the association benefits the other. Can humans and parasites do a mutualistic relationship in medicine? Dating back to the B. C. era it has been believed that parasites, close commonly care fores and maggots, were the cure for various maladies.Leeches at one time were thought to cure everything from obesity to mental illness. In the early 20th ascorbic acid there was no longer a need for parasites with the medical and technological advances we were making. Their popularity has begun to grow since the 1980s and is seen more often in medical practice. Thesis tilt Some parasites, over the fra me of history, have proven to hold a symbiotic relationship with the human body in medical applications. Prior to the years that we think of as modern medicine, parasites were habitd for many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) things in medical practice. One example is leeches.The use of leeches in medicine started around 2,000 B. C. with the Greek and papistical physicians. During the gallant times they were very prevalent in the household medicine cabinets as they were used on a regular basis to treat many different ailments. (Jaffari, M. 2012) As modern medicine emerged parasites were viewed as a bad thing. Things we did not want inside us or around us. We discovered many ways to eradicate them from our bodies, thus also eradicating them from medicinal use. In more recent years testing is universe done especially with the helminth (worm) species of parasites.These parasites are existence used to treat medical conditions such as ulcerative colitis, vascular diseases and al lergies, just to name a few, with very interesting results. Its outset to seem as if humans and parasites in some applications can benefit each other after all. The use of parasites to treat ailments has been around for centuries. It is thought to realize back as far as the Stone Age. The first written reference of this was in a medical poem by Nicander of Colophon (185-135BC). This poem pen leeching ( stockletting) in particular. It is believed that all ancient civilizations used bloodletting in their medical practice.In ancient Greece they believed in the Humoral Theory. This theory stated that the body was made up of four humors these were blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile and you became ill because these humors were out of balance. The leeches were used to keep these humors in balance thus, keeping the patient healthy. During the early nineteenth cytosine in Europe it was not uncommon to find leeches in peoples medicine cabinets. The use of leeches during this time was very prevalent and they were believed to be about a cure all. Bloodletting became so popular in Europe, that the commercial trade in leeches became a major industry.France during this era suffered such a shortage of leeches that they had to import 41. 5 million of the parasites. Due to the extremely high demand for this product, the medicinal leech al approximately became extinct in Europe. When the numbers being harvested from the wild became insufficient, some countries started the practice of leech farming. (El-Awady, 2003) Leeches were not the only parasite that received high acclaim for medical uses. The maggot has been known for its meliorate ability since the sixteenth century. In 1917, Dr. William S. Baer made an incredible observation while working as a physician during World War I.Two soldiers were brought into the hospital, both having compound fractures to their femurs and very outstanding wounds to the abdomen. It was discovered that these two soldiers had been w ounded in battle seven days prior but because of the over growth in the area the two men were over looked when the wounded were first recovered. At that time the mortality rate for people with compound fractures was as high as 85%, even with the best(p) medical care. Despite the lack of food and water, being exposed to the elements during those seven days, and the severity of the wounds, the doctor found that the men had no fever, and there was no rise of sepsis.When their clothing was removed the doctor discovered that the wounds were filled with blow fly maggots. The maggots were washed from the injuries to find that the exposed bone and tissue were in perfect condition. Cultures were interpreted with very few bacteria still present. Ten years later Dr. Baer would use this theory on four children with osteomyelitis which is a disease ca utilize excitement of the bone and bone marrow usually caused by reoccurring bacterial transmittals. (Dictionary. com, 2012) All four children had had several surgeries for this, all of which had failed to heal.The doctor obtained maggots from his neighborhood and trying to copy most of the conditions that he observed with the soldiers he attempted his experiment. He used no chemical antibiotics, no iodine to clean the area, surgery was done bare turn over and using only water. This way if the wound healed it would be strictly due to the maggots. Dr. Baer continued his treatment of maggot therapy to find that in six weeks the wounds these children suffered from had healed completely. In the spring of 1929 more cases were submitted using this form of treatment with the same results. (Baer, 1931)During the early to middle 20th century the technological and medical advances we had made in like mannerk the place of medieval medicine and along with it the use of parasites in medical practice. Maggots were removed from medicinal use in the 1930s. With the introduction of new antibiotics and better surgical techniques we found that we had a much better grasp of healing and checking bacterial infections and we no longer required the use of maggots to heal open wounds. Although, in 1989 there were findings that maggot therapy was superior in certain cases to antibiotic therapy for eradicating a bacterial infection.The first modern clinical studies of maggot therapy were started at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Long Beach, CA, and at the University of California, Irvine. The results of these studies showed that the use of maggots today is still an effective and safe treatment for certain types of wounds. The reports also stated that there is no reason to use maggots as a resist resort. There are published reports of a limb salvage rate of over 40% in pre-amputation maggot therapy. When this therapy was used even earlier in the course of treatment the results were even more dramatic. Sherman, 2010) Leeches have always had their place in history as we have seen. Leech therapy was used up until the 1960s when it too was removed from medical practice. Bloodletting of sorts was taken over by modern day phlebotomy. So we again saw no need in using the old practices with the advances we had made. In the 1980s, leech therapy made a big comeback by plastic surgeons that used leeches to relieve venous congestion. If this congestion was not treated, the blood would clot and arteries that bring the blood and nourishments to the tissues would become plugged and the tissues would die.This is where the leech therapy would come in handy. Once they were applied to the site, the leeches sucked the excess blood, which helped to reduce the swelling in the tissues and promoted healing by allowing fresh, oxygenated blood to reach the area until normal circulation could be restored. The leeches also assisted in the healing by the secretion of an anticoagulant known as hirudin which would keep the blood in the area from clotting. The present day medical world is once more looking towards some para sites as very efficacious tools in certain areas of medical practice.The leechs saliva contains a number of chemical compounds that are very useable in medicine. We already mentioned the anti-coagulant hirudin. This has been canvas for use in helping to prevent heart attacks and strokes. The leech naturally secretes a local anesthetic that it uses when attaching to the host to avoid detection. This has proven helpful to diminish pain in some patients. Doctors and patients have seen the benefits of the vasodilator and a prostaglandin secreted by this parasite as it is known to reduce swelling in situations of inflammation.The leechs gut harbors a bacterium known as Aeromonan hydrophila which aids in its digestion of ingested blood and produces an antibiotic that kills other bacteria that can cause tissue decomposition. The most present day uses for leech therapy are digital replants, skin grafting, hematomas, and some leeches are being raised specifically for pharmaceutical uses. Leech therapy is proving to be useful for a number of other conditions including osteoarthritis, ophthalmology and dermatology.As with any treatment there can be side effects. Leeching is no exception. A few of the side effects associated with leech therapy include infection, excess blood loss that may require blood transfusion, and allergic reactions. Science has certain a clean leech which helps to lessen the number of bacterial infections. These are leeches specially raised to not carry the normal bacteria that regular leeches carry. As an alternative to real leeches, Scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed a mechanical leech.This invention mimics the action of the live leech allowing for fresh blood to flow through the wound. (El-Awady, 2003) Maggots have also found their niche in todays medical world. These often thought of as icky parasites are used in some wound care applications. This therapy even has a name, maggot debridement therapy or MDT. Magg ots are very efficient healers of wounds as we have seen. The reason for this is that the maggots eat only the dead tissues and leave the healthy, living tissues intact. They also excrete compounds which inhibit and may even kill bacteria.This is extremely useful in areas where there is poor blood supply these areas are unable to benefit from antibiotic therapy as it is unable to reach the required area in high enough concentrations to do what was intended. The most common uses for maggots today are wound debridement and diabetic innovation ulcers. The side effect patients are most at risk for is bacterial infections. As with the leeches scientists are able to raise clean maggots, lowering the number of infections. much recently added to the list of helpful parasites has been the hookworm.These parasites live in your gut and thrive on the nourishment that you take in. Hookworm infection is actually known to have a beneficial effect on health. There are published studies that show hookworms can lessen or even cure allergies such as inflammatory bowel disease, food allergies and even asthma. The saliva that the worms produce changes the immune system and keeps your body from overreacting to the substances that cause the allergies. (Sifferlin, 2012) There are several uses for hook worms being studied presently.These are ulcerative colitis, allergies and asthma control. Some of the outcomes have been very positive. Because the worms feed from the same nutrients that you are taking in the largest risk with hookworm infection is anemia. In third world countries this can be a devastating side effect but, in the western world there is less use up about this issue. Conclusion Parasitic mutualism occurs when each member of the association benefits the other. Our ancient ancestors seemed to have made good use of the human parasite relationship.As engineering science increased we turned from the old way of doing things and disregarded any use of parasites in medical p ractice. But, did our ancient ancestors know something that we are just now showtime to grasp once again? With the testing we are seeing more recently it seems that it is possible for these creepy crawlies that make us feel so straitlaced could be very helpful to us and our health. Even with the positive results of the use of parasites in medicine there are still many mysteries regarding the symbiotic relationship between parasite and man.

How Global Economic Environment Is Affecting International Marketers

How Global scotch Environment is touch on Intertheme Marketers? By Md. Jafar Sadique, MBA, S issueheast University Bangladesh 1. conception political programetary pipeline is taking different shades and is undeflectable today. This dynamic human race is rapidly changing to the extent that is has been reduce to a Global crossroads. The truth is, we atomic number 18 going d sensation the most severe globose pecuniary crisis since the days of Great Depression. Originated in the States, stintingalal recession is affecting every the study players of mankind frugality.G all(prenominal) overnments and major policy makers of existence economy lay d birth disciplinen nonice of the urgency of the situation and frantic steps argon undertaken to staunch the rot. At the core of the term recession, spirals of several pecuniary mistakes argon intermingled. Many global opportunities have a skip overn because of the clustering of market opportunities worldwide. Organizati ons have found that convertible basic segments exist worldwide and, therefore, push aside be met with a global orientation.Markets ar beclimax more than(prenominal) complex, workforces and short letter henchmans be becoming more diverse, thusly challenging professionals not completely man come onrs to play a more dynamic role in their multinational business companies more then ever. Professionals have started to struggle in the challenging world of outside(a) business management by equipping themselves with advanced studies for international business management and mastering the complexities of managing businesses across cultural and political boundaries becoming highly productive international managers and enhancing their companys global competitiveness. 1. 1 Origin of the ReportAs a requirement for the expiration of the course- International Marketing, I aim to submit this report- How Global Economic Environment is affecting International Marketers? This implicate s an over lieu of global economic environment & present global economic d give birthturn. 1. 2 Objective of the Report The primary objective of the report is to fulfill the requirement for completion of course International Marketing. The secondary objective of this report is to examine the global economic environment & present global economic downturn. 1. 3 Methodology In smart set to obtain the objectives of this report, secondary source has been used.Secondary info has been collected from periodicals and journals, websites etc. 1. 4 Limitation sufficient efforts have been taken to accomplish this report according to the objectives. But it was not possible to gather comprehensive examination avowation & articles on the given topic, which would obviously give better result. 2. Global Economic Downturn The words economy and recession have pass away humdrum terms ever since the fall of the Lehman Br others group in the USA. The resulting fallout has shattered galore(postnomin al) companies and left one gazillion millions of population poor, jobless and homeless.The impact of this global recession has embossed galore(postnominal) questions in the minds of people. Even those who had no inkling of what the words economy and recession meant atomic number 18 suddenly asking questions. Unfortunately, there not umpteen answers forthcoming, and those that are, are shrouded in high brow fiscal jargon. 2. 1 What is a recession? A recession is defined as a pro pineed period of economic slowdown. This slowdown is characterized by a decrement in the purchase of consumer coterminouss, a decrease in the production of goods, an increase in unemployment, a decrease in salaries and incomes, and an unhealthy stock market.These conditions have to prevail for at least six months in order for an economic slowdown to be classified as recession. 2. 2 What caused the present recession? There are many different factors that actually trigger a recession. Identifying all these factors takes a lot of time and rehunt. However, iodin of the set up factors that have led to the closure of at least 16 major American banks, including the Lehman Brothers, is the practice of issuing high risk of infection home loans. What happened is very simple. over the years, many banks in the US started the practice of forthering home loans to high risk individuals, i. . , individuals who had a high probability of defaulting on their loans. The banks justified this move by saying that even if these individuals defaulted on their loans, the amount could be noticeed by selling off the property in question. Over a period of time, many of these individuals defaulted on their requitals, as was expected, and the banks put the properties back on the market. However, when so many properties were put on sale at the same time, the property hurts, which were already over inflated to begin with, plummeted.The unprecedented drop in property place proved fatal for banks that had already invested most of their money in these speculative deals, and they were strained to close down. The collapse of these banks is just one of the indicative causes of the present recession. The roots of this recession can be said to lie in over-inflated property prices, fossil cover prices, and commodity prices. Artificially inflated prices are typical of a lettuceable market. When the market is doing hearty, the sellers eventually become greedy and raise the prices. All is closely, as keen-sighted as the buyers continue to be able to afford the inflated prices.However, the day the prices vex a point where the majority of the buyers cannot afford them, a crash in the prices, and consequently a recession, is inevitable. 3. Present Global Economic Environment The year 2008 marks a major transition in global economic and loving development with the waning of the era of cheap and plentiful fossil fuels, accelerating pressures on commodity prices, particularly those of food, and worsening impacts of climate readjustment on livelihoods and well-being as well as a slow-down in the growth of the world economy from the 3. 8 per cent registered in 2007 to an estimated 1. per cent in 2008. These factors are increasing inequalities and risk compromising the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Bold and concerted policy action by both(prenominal) actual and ontogeny countries can, however, serve to improve global economic and social performance in 2008 and 2009. Additionally, a purifyed international reserve frame and better pecuniary regulation and safety nets would help improve financial conditions and confidence to prevent the recurrence of similar crises. . 1 A severe economic downturn gibe to the World Economic Situation and Prospects 2008 mid-year update, the global economy is teetering on the brink of a severe economic downturn. The profoundlyening credit cris is in major actual market economies, as triggered by the continuing housing slump, the declining abide by of the United States dollar vis-a-vis other major currencies, persisting global imbalances, and the soaring crude oil and non-oil commodity prices are slowing growth of the global economy.Without aggressive and coordinated expansionary policies, a more pessimistic scenario could occur, which could trigger a disorderly unwinding of the massive global imbalances and have drastic implications for global trade and finance. In addition, the steep rise in food and energy costs is compounding the downside risks, particularly in view of the unfolding food crisis, which poses a affright to social and political stability. The dollar may still decline another 15 per cent in value under this scenario in 2008, although s pretermitening call for may dampen further oil price rises so as to achieve an average price of $95 per barrel for the year.What is needed in response to this crisis is a tetramerously-coordinated stimulus package centered on the expansion of domestic film in surplus countries, term staying within existing fiscal capacity deep revitalizes in mechanisms of international financial regulation and supervision and meeting emergency food needs, while mount longer term strategies for alleviating supply constraints and improving food credentials. According to Rob Vos, Director of the Development Policy and Analysis Division, the United Nations system, including a more inclusive IMF, should take the lead in forging concerted policy action and predict the food crisis. A concerted macroeconomic policy action platform would involve reducing global imbalances while avoiding an economic downturn, including a rebalancing of domestic demand among surplus and deficit countries and a smooth realignment of commute rates. much all-important(a)ly, the root causes of the imbalances need to be addressed to prevent their reappearance in the future, through m easures such as reforming the international reserve system and strengthening financial regulation and safety nets.A multilaterally-coordinated stimulus package for the global economy would include the expansion of domestic demand in surplus countries as well as more proactive public policies. Several industrial economies such as Japan, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Norway and Canada, as well as the emerging market economies of East Asia and the of import oil merchandi bump intors can help through expansionary domestic fiscal and monetary policies. Surplus countries can gain much from using their accumulated reserves to retort income, employment and improve wealth distri andion at home.For its part, caught between addressing its twin trade and fiscal deficits and the grimmer prospect of a recession that may reduce gross domestic product by 0. 2 percent in 2008, the United States has opted for expansionary domestic monetary and fiscal policies. However, the recovery of the United States economy depart a want need the outdoor(a) stimulus of increased demand for its exports from its major surplus trading partners through an expansion of their economies. Against the backdrop of the global macroeconomic slowdown, the present food crisis presents an additional threat to human well-being.Addressing the food crisis requires internationally-concerted measures. In addition to the emergency assistance spelled out by the World Food Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Office of the human-centred Coordinator, major policy reforms are required in developed and developing countries to achieve a sustainable resultant to the crisis. Abolishing agricultural subsidies in developed countries go away probably benefit farmers in developing countries in the long roam, despite causing short-term world food price increases.The food crisis reflects both a long unheeded riddle of low agricultural productiveness in developing countries and the poor s insufficiency of access to affordable food. In the long run, increasing productivity through investments in water supply, basis, improved seeds and fertilizers, education and agricultural research and development volition be essential not unless to deal with the present food crisis, unless to allay persistent and widespread rural poverty.Improving access of producers to agricultural land, affordable inputs, and infrastructure would increase the productivity of food production and lead to significant reductions in rural poverty and better nutrition. Agriculture must, therefore, become a policy priority at both the national and international levels. For a conclusioning solution to the current global economic crisis, both financial regulation and the international reserve system similarly need to be revised.Reforms of both national and international financial regulation and supervision are needed and policy makers need to pay more attending to preventing the harmful do of fi nancial exuberance. Under present banking and finance rules, risk assessments tend to react to problems after they have occurred rather than foreseeing or forestalling them. By way of example, lenders are required to raise more gravid simply after liquidity problems occur rather than in anticipation of them.Current national regulations and international regulations such as the Basel II agreements, which have been crafted on risk assessment models developed by commercial banks themselves, are insufficiently geared to address contagion marrows of crises across countries and markets or the herd behaviour of financial markets. Deeper regulatory reform, motivated primarily by the public interest, is urgently needed to eliminate future crises such as the recent sub-prime mortgage debacle and the resulting housing slump.The international reserve system, overly, is in acute need of reform. Under the current system base on the United States dollar as the reserve currency, the only way for the rest of the world to accumulate reserves is for the United States to run an extraneous deficit. Over time, such a pattern inevitably erodes the value of the dollar, enhancing costs for countries to continue to preserve vast amounts of reserves, and this may well cause a run on the dollar, probably with strong destabilizing consequences that lead be felt worldwide.The emergence of a new, supranational currency, based on scaling up Special draft Rights, the international unit of account based on a basket of currencies, is probably the ideal solution for redesigning the global reserve system in a stable way, and depart require nimble negotiation and considerable building of political ordain over the long-term. The more immediate and feasible reform would be to promote an officially-backed multi-currency reserve system. By diversifying their reserve holdings away from the dollar, many surplus countries have started to move in this direction.This concept should prove as ind uce as the pursuit of a multilateral trading system. Similar to multilateral trade rules, a well-designed multilateral financial system should create equal conditions for all parties and avoid unfair competition and an asymmetric burden-sharing of exchange-rate adjustments. It should also help to increase stability in the international financial system. 3. 2 Lasting systemic reform The way out of the present global economic crisis will involve coordinated domestic and international policy actions in the short term and deep reform of the financial and trading system in the long term.The present crisis cries out for the type of concerted and people-centred reform that only a rattling multilateral system such as that of the United Nations can spearhead. The five-year review of the International Conference on Financing for Development in Doha from 29 November to 2 December provides a golden chance to chart out an authentically multilateral and just reform of the international financia l system. equivalentwise, a successful shoemakers last of the Doha Round of hand Negotiations so as to favour economic and social development in all countries through a fairer trading system, will also contribute to more stable global economy.Ultimately, it is the active involvement of citizens in developed and developing countries, concerned about the negative welfare cause of financial and commodity crises such as the present ones, which can pressure their governments to affect such systemic reforms with human well-being in mind, rather than financial interests alone. Transparent and inclusive multilateral forums, particularly those of the United Nations system, with broad multi-stakeholder involvement, can show the way. 3. 3 In what way has the global economy changed in the last 50 years? The Global economy has experienced the following changes ) Capital movements rather than trade have become the driving force of the global economy. b) issue has become uncoupled from employ ment. c) Primary products have become uncoupled from the industrial economy. d) The world economy is in cover. Reasons a) World trade is around US$ 3 trillion, whereas the London Eurodollar market alone is some US$ 75 bear downion per annum and foreign exchange transactions were US$35 million per annum. Interest and exchange rate gains are often more lucrative than investment in goods and services manufacturing. b) Employment is in decline while manufacturing either grows or stay static.Sectors are becoming more productive, with injections of capital equipment and new technologies. c) Commodity prices may collapse but industrial economies can be unaffected. d) World trade is know as vital to economies as domestic growth slows down and opportunities overseas grow. Growth achievable in international trade is often at a colossaler rate than domestically and the returns higher(prenominal). 3. 4 Recent Global economic condition and Bangladesh At present the overall economic cond ition of the globe is not of good shape at all and the world is facing this type of economic disaster for the origin time after a long period.The first world countries are facing this problem very strongly. Basically after the incident of 1/11 in USA, the economic crisis began to start and it affected the hearty global economic condition very slowly. The main reason of this crisis is, the overall economic activities of USA are very much related to the whole world, as its economy is controlling economy of the world. Basically, the western world people are very much familiar with the credit card facilities and the financial intermediaries of that region are very much active for providing this type of facility to the general people by taking a lot of risk.They only believe in luck is proportional to return and this belief back-fired them and most of the high risk taking financial intermediaries of that region eventd bankruptcy. This is just because of very aggressive marketing stra tegy of those financial intermediaries. They provided loans to the general ultimate consumers very aggressively and could not get it back in the due time that nitty-gritty they provided a lot of tractableness to the customers and their recovery strategy was not so much aggressive.In other words, we can say that the monitoring activities of the central bank of that particular region was not that much strong or rude to recover the provided loans to the customers. They also believe that they have got asset but not enough liquid money and that is why they took risk and the result is the present odd situation. Bangladesh is also starting to face the economical disaster situation, as it is getting grants from the first world countries as well as from their controlled international organization like WHO, World Bank, UNDP, UNICEF, WTO, IMF and some others.These welfare organizations are starting to stop funding in various less important ascertains that are already running or going to be started to run in this developing country. Besides, the people outside Bangladesh who are basically Bangladeshis are direct less remittance than the recent past. It causes less money supply in the inside overall economy of this country (Bangladesh). As our country is partly strung-out on the foreign remittance, we face a lot of problem for the less amount of foreign remittance.Moreover, our export volume is also becoming bantam and smaller for the global economic crisis, which also shorten our incoming foreign currency and it also affects the overall money supply of the country. Not only that, the first world people is also trying to avoid acquire high graded consumer products that means luxury products and they also want to buy the existing market products in the lesser amount than the recent previous time and that is why the bidding price that the garment factories of Bangladesh have got from the outside agents is also becoming lower and it affects the profit margin of them as well as their sustainability.For the global economic crisis, many Bangladeshi people, who are working in the foreign countries, are loosing jobs and they are coming back to their motherland. Besides, many other Bangladeshi people are in the pipeline to loose their running jobs. So, as a whole, we are going to face a very big problem in the upcoming very recent future years. 3. 5 Global Economy Helps The Entrepreneur The world economy affiliates us all regardless of where we live, where we shop and who we work for. When this global economy blooms, we all potentially benefit. But when it declines, we all potentially suffer.The key word in both statements however, is potentially. Because regardless of how all-encompassing the world economy is, we apiece, to varying degrees, control our own destinies. Turmoil in the international financial markets invariably leads to problems in our own financial markets. So if you work for or are affiliated with a company that does business on Wal l Street, or if its traded there, global financial problems will have a direct affect on your company, and on you. Unfortunately, there is little you can do about this-other than to work elsewhere-because the forces at work are well beyond your control.Conversely, if you work for yourself, you still face potential threats, but you have more control over the outcome. One of the things were seeing as we blast the 2008 Holiday Season is increasing tension in our domestic economy. Many analysts are predicting that this years holiday retail sales numbers will be at an all time low. Circuit City, a huge and very successful company, has declared bankruptcy because it cant pay its bills. News like this causes people to tighten the hold on their pocketbooks. Even if theyre not directly affected, they reign in spending and assume a far more cautious out calculate.This all comes back to your in private owned small business. Even if youre self employed in a bricks-and-mortar business-that dec eases on Main Street, not Wall Street-it is quite likely that the economic tsunami will reach your doorstep as well. Frustratingly enough, theres not much you can do about it. But we as a nation are entrepreneurial problem solvers. Like our fathers did beforehand us, we face challenges, and overcome them. As you face these financial threats, consider options that will allow you to rise above the fray. Look for a business you can run from home, but that gives you global reach.Find an online opportunity that provides systems, training and support. Look for a solution that can provide long-term financial security and freedom for you and your family. As you consider these options, youll know whats right, and whats not. Follow your heart-and trust your judgment. 4. How Global Economic Environment is affecting International Markers? An overview In the past fifty years the global economy has changed rapidly. Particularly marked has been the development of world economic integration and st andardized products.Coca Cola, Nissan and Marlboro cigarettes are examples of products which serve nearly every market. generally there have been four major changes ?Capital movements rather than trade have become the driving force of the global economy ?Production has become uncoupled from employment ?Primary products have become uncoupled from the industrial economy and, ?The world economy is in control individual nations are not, despite the grand world economic share of the USA and Japan. Taking each of these changes in turn, world trade is about some US$ 3 trillion, however, capital movements are much higher.The London Eurodollar market is worth about US$ 75 trillion per annum and foreign exchange transactions are US$ 35 trillion per annum. Another change is the decoupling of employment from production. Employment is in decline whilst manufacturing output is growing or remaining static at 20-25% of GNP. Sectors such as agriculture, are achieving higher productivity through m echanization but this is at the expense of employment. Still another change is the decoupling of the primary product market from the industrial economy. Many commodity prices have collapsed, for example tea, yet industrial economies have been relatively affected.Unfortunately the prime producers have been dramatically affected. Finally, the most significant change is the change of focus from domestic to the world economy as the chief economic unit. This has been grasped by Japan and Germany, but not really by the USA, or Africa. These factors have repercussions on exporting by developing countries. Firstly with developing countries emphasis on the export of primary products, they are at the mercy of world supply and demand movements, with the resultant fluctuations in prices. Depressed world market prices can have a deleterious effect on developing economies. secondly the rapid globalization and focus away from domestic economies has created global competition and in turn, this has pushed up quality. frequently speaking, unless developing countries can break into non-comittally based products they are being further left behind in the global economic stakes. However positively, whilst developed worlds concentrate on industrial and service products it leaves opportunities for developing countries to export more food based products. 4. 1 Affecting factors Patterns of trade Most industrialized nations trade with each other.This had led to their continued domination. Particularly the USA, Western europium and Japan which between them have 66% of world GNP and trade. In 1985 industrialise trade to other industrialised countries accounted for 47% of trade, next came developing countries to industrialised (15%), and finally industrialised to developing countries (13%). Political influences can also be seen between trading partners, for example Zimbabwes trade with China. Marketers need to identify trading patterns between nations and product trading patterns.East-W est trade and West to the former communist bloc is likely to grow at the expense of North-South trade. Balance of payments This is the measure of all economic transactions between one nation and another. The balance of payments is made up of the current account, showing trade in goods and services and the capital account, which shows financial transactions. In 1989, after official transfers, the USA had a US$ 109,242 million deficit on its current account, Japan had a $ 131,400 million surplus, Tanzania a $ 778,5 million deficit and Zimbabwe a $ 2,783 million deficit.The balance of payments account helps marketers select the location of supply for foreign markets and the selection of markets. The capital account may show the nations which have control restrictions and hence be difficult to deal with. In this regard, African nations are generally disadvantaged. Government policy This refers to the government measures and regulations which have a bearing on trade tariffs, quotas, exc hange controls and invisible tariffs. These can cause formidable barriers to marketers and will be dealt with at length later. World InstitutionsInstitutions like GATT and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) have been of help to countries in their development. GATT had over 120 members and associated and accounted for 80% of world trade. Its intention was to create a general system of preferences and conduct tariffs for members products on a nondiscriminant basis and provide a forum for consultation. The Kennedy Round of the 1960s was superseded by the Tokyo corpulent of the 1970s and that by the current Uruguay round signed in 1994. UNCTAD furthers the development of emerging nations.It seeks to improve the prices of primary goods exports through commodity agreements. It also instaled a tariff preference system favouring developing nations. Regionalism Regionalism is a major and important trade development. Some regional groupings have either market ( EU) or command (China) or mixed economies (former communist countries and The prejudiced Trade Area (PTA) and The Southern African Development company (SADC). With these developments, free trade zones have occurred (all internal barriers abolished) economic unions (the EU), export pricing zones (Mauritius) and other schemes.The major regional economic organisations are Acuerdo de Cartegna (Andean Group), Association of South East Nations (ASEAN), Asian Pacific Rim countries (APC), Caribbean Community and common Market (CARICOM), Central American Common Market (Mercado Comun Centro Americano), Council of Arab Economic Unity, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the European Federal (EU), Latin American Integration Association, Organisation Commune Africane et Mauricienne, Preferential Trade Area (PTA) and the Southern African Development Conference (SADC).A principal collapse has been the Council for Economic Assistance (COMECON) with the disappearance of the commu nist bloc in easterly Europe. Of these blocs, the EU (reporting 33% of world trade) and EFTA are very important. To counteract the growing power of the EU, the USA and Canada have entered into an agreement with Mexico as a willing partner and created the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). These blocs are of various form, power, influence and success. ASEAN is a collaboration of industry and agriculture, PTA in tariffs.SADC and PTA have had historically little impact but are now beginning to grow in importance in view of the normalisation of South Africa. The EU, North American Union and the Pacific Rim Union will pose the greatest power blocs in future years. Many developing countries have entered into trading blocks as a reaction against loss of developed country markets or as a base to build economic integration and markets. The development of trading blocs can mother headaches and advantages to trade. It is worth comparing the European Union, a relatively well develope d bloc, with SADC and the PTA which are well developed.SADC and PTA are described in a little particular proposition in appendix one and two of this chapter. The international financial system Global financing operations based on the gold standard gave rise to instability, so Bretton Woods, post World War II, saw the nascence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. The IMF deals with the International Monetary System. Involved countries joined IMF to establish a par value for other countries in terms of the US dollar and maintain it with +/- one percent of that value. The system fell down because large corporations were holding more currency than banks and so a float set in.IMF began to fade somewhat. However it still lends, on a short term basis, to countries with payment problems to help them continue trading. The World Bank, or International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) deals with international capital. It provides long term capital to aid eco nomic development. before long it has about US$ 22 billion annually for this operation. The role of the World Bank has often been criticised especially on its conditionalities for loans to Africa in funding structural adjustment and trade liberalisation programmes.However many developing countries require institutional funding to help them with trade and balance payment problems. Other major lenders include the EU and bilateral donors and agencies who have provided money for developmental projects. A principal donor is the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Size of market General indications of market size of it include population (growth rates and distribution) and income (distribution, per capita, GNP). a) Population In general, the larger the population, the bigger the market.However there is no correlation between income level and population. China has 2 billion plus people, India 1 billion, Zimbabwe 8 million. However, they do not have the same income per capita as the USA or UK. In 1993 the USA population of 252. 2 million, the UK 57. 4 million and Africa 400 million, were respectively 6%, 1. 5% and 9% of the worlds population. However the USA and UK had an infinitely higher GNP per capita income than Africa, US$ 22,520, UK $17,300 and Africa $ 270 respectively (1989). Different countries experience different population growth rates.In the early 90s, the UK had an annual growth rate of 0. 1%, the Ivory Coast 6%, and Africa in general, 3% per annum. Low income countries and oil rich countries have the largest growth rates. Growth rates have a dual edge they are good for sales but bad for world resources. The world population, currently standing at 5 billion is experiencing a rapid growth rate. It is expected to reach 7 billion by the end of the century. The strain on world resources is likely to be very large. The distribution of the population is also important.Different age groups have different needs and population density s hould mean good market potential, the higher the better. The Netherlands have 1000 persons per square mile, Bangladesh 1,791 but the USA only 65 persons per square mile. However, the USA spends more per capita than Bangladesh b) Income No one has yet been able to assess accurately the impact of the assist pandemic on world population and economic activity. South Africa estimates AIDS will cost South African industry R16. 7 billion by the year 2000 (Business Herald Nov. 24. 1994). glut to say, unless a cure or prevention is found, it could be serious, especially in Africa and South East Asia, the worlds hot spots Income is the most important variable affecting market potential. Markets are not markets without money to spend. Interestingly, there is an inverse correlation between GNP per capita and income elasticity of demand for food. Asia has a 0. 9 income elasticity of demand and the USA 0. 16. The distribution of income is very uneven. In Kenya the lowest 20% of the population r eceive less then 3% of national resource.This bimodal distribution of income means marketers must analyse two economies in a country. Per capita measures have therefore, many limitations. Per capita judges a countrys level of economic development and its degree of modernisation and further in health, education and welfare. Half of the worlds population lives with an average per capita income of only US$ 270. Per capita is usually reflected in US dollars and is only valid for comparison if exchange rates are equal. Exchange rates reflect international goods and services in a country but not domestic consumption.Another limitation of per capita measures is the neediness of comparability with the figures themselves. The US budget contains food, clothing and shelter. In many of the less developed nations these items may be largely self provided and therefore not reflected in national income tables. Also in the UK, snow equipment is included, and this is not, obviously, in Africa and pa rts of Asia. Other limitations are that sales of goods are not well correlated with per capita income and if there is great unevenness in income distribution, per capita figures are less meaningful.Product saturation can be equally troublesome in affecting market potential. A make clean cleaner in the Netherlands has a 95% household penetration rate, but only 7% in Italy. International Business in Global fiscal Crisis The subprime crisis of the big power has led to the global financial crisis. It seems that such an expression overstates the strength of the big power. But we cannot ignore the economic globalization which makes economic communities connect with and affect each other positively or negatively.In the financial tsunami absentting every corner of the world, what are the status quo and future trend of international trade? First of all, it is necessity for us to look at the trade chain raw materials finished product processing firms (manufacturers) (providers trade com panies) logistics companies importers wholesalers retailers- end consumers, financial service providers such as banks, and Internet platforms for international trade led by Alibaba. On the chain, all the elements are interactional and can transmit to each other. Price transmission is a key element.Rate of exchange influences trading price. We can begin with importer, one of initiators of trade. With the global financial tsunami seeming to gradually ease down, a procurement manager working with a large company that was founded one hundred years ago talked about their current situation we are now facing extremely high pressure in retail and need to reduce retail prices of our products in market. The manager urges suppliers to cut down price with three simple reasons 1. Against the background of current financial crisis, prices of raw materials have decreased 2.Significant reduction in prices of energy products such as fossil oil means lower commitment and storage cost and 3. Wi th the decreasing and stable amplitude of the financial crisis wave, rate of exchange will tend to level off and rise. Then why do suppliers need to reduce their prices? Because the consumption end of commodities is facing much lower purchasing power of the country due to the financial crisis. The information from the consumption end is that the consumer confidence index goes down and end consumer groups (including corporate and individual procurement) reduce their costs, expenses and consumption.With such a weak market, merchants can only use price reduction as their sharp tool to stimulate consumption. Merchants promote psychologically by enabling consumers to buy the same goods as before with less money. Wholesalers and retailers in the middle of the chain deliver goods on the chain from one level to another. During this course, they gain profits and ensure normal circulation of goods. Their sensitivity to price and inventory leads to importers action mentioned above.As for whole salers facing high retail pressure, lower purchasing power and weak sales, price is the only and effective solution to improve sales. As for consumables, those who are able to provide the market with inexpensive commodity with proper quality will have a large market share, no matter they are wholesalers or importers. This is low-price transmission resulting in larger trade volume. With increasingly stable financial community, trade will tend to be active and large in size when consumers have suitable savings and their purchasing power and consumption confidence index rise.Maybe experts and scholars then will conclude that the crisis has ended and economy begins a recovery journey. When it comes to the bulk commodity market, economists say that its bull market has ended since crude oil price peaked. Those people trading at the peak of the bull market have made a great loss due to substantially lower price. The time for them to recover from such a loss may be longer than that for the crisis to come to end. Therefore, goods at low price will be favorites of people in a certain period of time. Next, we will discuss the price transmission from the perspective of suppliers.With the global financial tsunami directly leading to significantly shrunken trade volume, it is truly a thorny problem to retain customers while continuing to make profit and reducing risks and losses in such an environment. To maintain its normal operation, supplier may adjust prices of its products or accept orders and deposit foreign exchange if rates of exchange fluctuate narrowly, waiting for further stabilization and rebounding of exchange rate. They look like those who are bundled to stocks purchased at high prices and wait for being unbundled and reducing loss.Prices of products from suppliers will be influenced by that of raw materials. It can not be unattended that the crisis directly makes many small-and-middle-sized enterprises (SMEs) go bankrupt, or stand on the verge of bankruptcy, or reduce their employees. As an Internet trade platform, Alibaba, which has a close affinity with those SMEs, said that the next few years will be a pass in its operation. A lot of SMEs get orders, generally small ones, through Alibaba. Due to the crisis, there are no longer any small orders from Alibaba for those SMEs.With the economic depression caused by the crisis ensuing the global inflation and big ups and downs of price, the lack of orders has directly led to huge loss of SMEs, especially for those who focus on export trade. As a result, there is a bankruptcy upsurge of SMEs that operate on a high-cost-and-low-price basis. The bankruptcy and shrinkage of SMEs have directly affected the proceeds of Alibaba that mainly provides services for SMEs. Considering this point, the financial crisis also leads to early coming of the winter of Internet Business-to-Business E-commerce.Internet E-commerce seeks for breakthroughs in a new operational mode while waiting for its spring. What about logistics companies between importers and suppliers? Suppliers or importers have a direct business relationship with those logistics companies. Significantly shrunken volume of freight causes the over-capacity of those shipping companies and forwarders. There is even zero trade freight for transporting goods to the countries near the ocean. In fact, freight is paid by importers. However, for now, transport cost is significantly lower than ever before.Similar to sea-borne and air-borne shipment, international express business has witnessed a big drop in delivery of samples and documents resulted from decrease in trade. It can be seen that most parts of the influenced trade chain will incur loss. What about banks? It is impractical to say that the dying in trade will lead to weaken business of banks. At most, banks will have less volume of business in loans and export bill purchase. It is financial derivatives that are affecting banks, seemingly not in the same field as tr ade. Financial crisis is a situation where the capital chain of financial system breaks.Superficially, there is not enough currency in an economic system. Actually, the reason is that the circulation of currency is not good. Superficially, companies or merchants do not have funds or lack funds and cannot get loans from banks. Money can not flow freely. These have led to the fact that companies go bankrupt, or reduce their size of production, or even slow down their trade expansion. The shrinkage in production and manufacturing industry can be seen directly from less orders and substantially reduced procurement volume of importers.On the side of retailers, they sell their inventory as soon as possible, sell at discounted prices to recover cash, and control inventory or even keep zero inventory. As the financial turbulence hit normal trade circulation, it results in the big fluctuation of exchange rate and wear and tear of currency. As a result, the procurement cost will be higher. T rade is hit severely by both increase of purchasing cost and decrease of purchasing power. At this time, merchants need inexpensive goods more than ever before to compensate the loss caused by the financial shock.If the sales volume of low-price goods soars in one country or region, trade friction between trading countries will come forth, without exception during the time of financial crisis. If there are too many imported goods in a country, this will directly lead to the rise of trade protectionism and more trade barriers that violate the principle of free and fair trade. In the previous crises, countries set trade barriers to hold back low-price goods from exporters, with the purpose to protect its local industries from being hit, to lower unemployment rate, and to avoid spread of crisis to a larger scope.such(prenominal) measures based on individualism will conversely further the depression of global economy. The measures, aimed at protecting domestic or local companies, are no t good for recovery from a crisis. It will take longer for the economy to recover when it falls to the bottom. In this financial crisis, headlines of newspaper report that governments have invested a huge amount of money to rescue the market and central banks have greatly lowered interest rate consecutively to stimulate economy, drive consumption, avoid long-time economic depression, abate financial fluctuation and reduce the huge damage brought about by the crisis.At this very moment, it is both a risk and an opportunity for international trade. Risk means that companies and banks may go bankrupt at any time while opportunity means that consumers of the world need more low-price goods. The bull commodity market of the world has ended. It seems to tell us that people need to have more inexpensive goods with good quality when facing lack of money. Under such an economic environment, how do companies on the trade chain face the situation? After each crisis, there are cheap shares and assets everywhere. It is complete(a) time for companies to reconstruct, merge and acquire.Those companies with abundant cash flow will expand and develop themselves at this time through the measures mentioned above. Exporters shall seize opportunities to cooperate with international cross off companies. Strength of low cost will play a more important role in future trade. 4. 2 Major Factors That Impact International Project Selection & Implementation A company that chooses to implement an international project is obligated to conduct a thorough research in order to understand if such project is viable and can be brought to life in a certain country.Numerous factors have to be taken into rumination and investigated it has to be done objectively from the point of view of the troops country in which business will be performed. frankincense the home company can ensure the realization of the project in specified terms with regards to projected profits and spending funds. While analyz ing foreign environment companies have to pay close attention to various factors that will effect, or help if used efficiently, future success of business in a new economy.First of all it is necessary to carefully examine the firms competitive position and understand if a project is able to bring profit in the global industry. Adequate financial resources, successful global ventures in the past, risk levels that a company is able to undertake and growing international demand are those few questions that need to posed before a firm can make any projections as to doing business abroad. There are also factors that are directly connected to specific projects and situations and that influence the outcome of the venture and have to be considered.In case when a company is ready to start international project in terms of its internal situation, it has to study issues and challenges that are caused by macro economical and other environmental factors. Legal and political factors are essentia l for the executing of the project abroad and each country has its own laws and regulations that could be of negative or positive influence which greatly depends on the nature of business. Economic condition of the host county is a core issue in deciding where and when project will be carried out and if it is feasible at all.Such environmental issues as GDP, inflation fluctuations and population growth have to be considered in order to comprehend conditions in which business will operate. Infrastructure and geography are among other factors that will affect the project or not allow its execution in case a host county has severe weather conditions or undeveloped infrastructure for instance unpaved roads and no electrical power can easily fail the project in the very beginning and thus versed such conditions is necessary.Security of the country in which project will be developed is essential as well, people make things happen and if they are in a dangerous environment it is priory i mpossible to do business. Workers who are knowledgeable about cultural differences in a host country are more likely to perform successfully as traditions and holidays can play a huge role in certain marketing campaigns and serve for the good get word of the company. Working in a foreign country requires a great deal of preparation and assessment of all possible differences that business is about to encounter.As was already said major role is deciding whether of not the project will be successful is comprehending macro environment of a new country. examine its economical condition, security levels and infrastructure system is a core competence of a company who wants to be more successful that its competitors. In case when all of those factors are studied and considered advantageous for a new enterprise it is important to bear in mind that cultural differences can make all efforts void.Thus such countries as the United States must attentively analyze what changes have to be made in the business plan and what people are high hat suit for the its implementation. Often companies hire professionals already experienced in such ventures with foreign education who speak two or more languages. Those intermediaries who are familiar with host countrys traditions and have social connections are great helpers in establishing a good image of the company abroad and in avoiding mistakes in a setting up period. Selecting and training employees for the international project is very important for the future success of the company.Culture shock and coping with it are issues that have to be addressed to potential workers because people who cannot sleep at night of nervous breakdown are unable to work effectively. Consequently firms need to inform and train employees how to cope with cultural diversities and benefit from them to better manage in the new environment. Multiplicity of the factors that have to be estimation through by the international project managers can be outst anding but successful implementation will be rewarded by monetary and personal contentment. 5.Finding New Opportunities in the Global Economic Crisis The current global economic crisis is forcing many individuals and businesses to seriously reconsider their strategies for economic survival. Much like the giant meteor that scientists believe hit our planet around 65 million years ago and caused the extinction of the dinosaurs, major catastrophic events tend to spell tragedy and disaster for most of us, but they can also reveal hidden opportunities for those of us who can adapt to the new circumstances in their environment. When the dinosaurs vanished, for xample, small little furry animals survived, multiplied and evolved to take over the planet. In this article, I want to list several doable options that can help you create long-term financial security in todays groping economic climate. Step 1 Accept and Embrace shift The world changed significantly around 20-30 years ago when t he Internet started becoming more popular. Since then, although many people migrated and evolved into Information Age thinkers, many more unfortunately chose to stay loyal to Industrial Age principles and beliefs a paradigm that was rapidly becoming obsolete.If you are still clinging to Industrial Age concepts like the idea that a good academic education will lead to benefits and job security, then you may be leaning towards experiencing a fate similar to that which befell the giant lizards after the meteor struck. Regardless of where you are at, the solution is to accept that the world has indeed changed, then drag in the Information Age unconditionally and without making excuses (i. e. too old, too busy, too broke, too late), and start looking for new opportunities with a more entrepreneurial mindset.I am not necessarily suggesting starting your own business if your core value is to find financial security through employment. There are al ways opportunities for people who can a dd value to other businesses and these are generally the last people any employer will want to let go of when generation are really tough. Step 2 Start An Online Business Once you embrace the Information Age there should be no doubt in your mind that, regardless of whatever else you plan on doing, you should also start seriously considering creating one or more streams of income online. There are seven ways of starting a web-based business ) Start A Blog A communicate (short for weblog) is a very easy way to get started online. Essentially, the general plan is this a) set up a blog, b) start posting regularly about a particular and hopefully profitable niche area of interest, c) monetize your blog to generate a revenue stream. There are many great resources you can find online to help you profit as a blog writer. So get blogging 2) Become An Affiliate Marketer Affiliate marketing can be very appealing to many people starting out doing business online, because you dont need to own your own product and, in many cases, you dont even need to have a website.You simply market soul elses products using a special coded link with your affiliate ID, and every time a product gets purchased using your affiliate link, you get paid a commission payment for the sale. Like anything else, to become successful at affiliate marketing does require a certain amount of work, knowledge and skills, but all the information you need is out there. You can purchase e-books, e-courses or join online membership sites to learn how to become a better affiliate marketer and its not at all pricey to get started. ) Set Up An Online Store Millions of people and businesses are selling stuff online everyday. If you have something you would like to sell online, consider starting up an e-commerce stick in with eBay, Etsy. com, Yahoo stores, or a number of other places. Some years ago my wife started a little part-time eBay business and, before too long, she was negotiating product shipmen ts with manufacturing companies in China and leaving our neighbors wondering why so many courier trucks were driving in and out of our street every whiz day.Even if you decide to start a traditional business, there are many cost-effective opportunities for expanding online, and e-commerce is definitely an option to consider. 4) Start Up Your Own Online Community The recent phenomenon of social networking is creating unprecedented new opportunities for people online. One of the most recent trends is to start your own online community, targeting a specific area of interest. For example, I latterly started an online social networking community site for beaders (www. BeadHuddle. com).This site grew to over 1,000 members in the first six weeks after launching and it now has beading enthusiasts from all over the world, as well as craft-related advertisers. If the idea of owning your own community site interests you, I recommend you visit www. SocialBusinessWeb. com and download a free report entitled How To improvement With Your Own Social Networking Site that will show you how to get started. 5) Create And Sell Information Products Online This option is similar to starting your own e-commerce store (e. g. Bay), but the focus here is specifically on creating digital information products that can be downloaded online. Examples of digital products are e-books (electronic books) and information reports, audio books and podcasts, video training products, membership sites, software and web services, etc. Once again, there are many great resources available on how to do this successfully and, if you do create a winning product, it can be an extremely rewarding and profitable venture, since most of the business can be automated through the use of systems, software and outsourced suppliers.I have personally developed a couple of information products over the years that sell regularly online and, since there are no costs associated with areas like shipping and delivery, every sale I make is pretty much 100% profit. 6) Buy A Ready-Made Online Business If the idea of building your own online business seems too overwhelming, there are many online turn-key businesses available which you can simply purchase and start operating fairly immediately.Just like buying a regular business, however, you need to exercise due diligence and research the business, the vendors, the market and the opportunity before you hand over your money to anyone promising you an online money-making mechanism. Ready-made online businesses can range from simple reseller web sites that include a home page with the sales copy, a zipped file containing the product that you then transfer to your own server and a download page where you send customers to after they successfully complete a purchase, to complete online franchise-like stores.Often, the cost is surprisingly affordable. For example, in 2005 I bought an online retail store outlet that sells thousands of downloadable audio book titles from outstrip-selling authors and leading audio-book publishers for $1,000 dollars. Today I make regular sales of audio books from this store (www. AudioBookOne. net) and the best part of the business is that everything is handled for me by the parent company (e. g. stock selection, product delivery, customer support, etc ) for a small monthly fee. ) Become An Online Service Provider If the thought of being an online entrepreneur running your own business seems too risky for you to consider at the moment, then why not continue working for others, but transfer your skills, knowledge and experience to the online sphere? There are many opportunities for working online for other companies. One growing trend, for example, is the outsourcing of tasks like creating, managing and updating web content, providing search engine optimization and online marketing services, business training and consulting services, etc.The work can vary from doing routine tasks that other busines s owners would rather outsource to someone else, to providing mentoring and helping others become successful online (this is definitely an option to consider as you gain more experience and success online). Step 3 Dont Stop Learning, ripening and Improving The Information Age is constantly and rapidly evolving. This means not only keeping abreast of new developments and trends, but also keeping an middle open for new economic opportunities for growth, success and expansion. Fortunately, you dont have to do it alone.There is a plethora of social networking groups, online communities and membership sites you can join, that focus exclusively on your particular area of interest. If youve been feeling depressed lately about the current state of the global economy, then hopefully this article will help you see that there are many positive and exciting things to be gained if you are willing to embrace change, start looking for new opportunities and make a conclusiveness to take action steps today to secure your own financial future in the new world that is emerging around you. . Managing Global Economic Challenges The modern day global economy is a highly interconnected one. With the increased connectivity the challenges before the global economy has achieved an altogether new dimension. On one hand is the positive impact of instant access to the global information network. On the other hand, market volatility is using the economic inter gene linkage channels to spread like wildfire. The International Monetary Fund revised down the estimated world growth rate for 2008. This was a fall out of the US sub prime crisis.At present economies through out the world is facing stock market volatility and rising unemployment figures as an after effect of the US crisis. As per estimates, around one billion people worldwide survive on less than a dollar per day. Over one billion do not have access to clean water. Basic sanitation facilities are absent for around 2. 4 billion people. Around 5 million children worldwide die from starvation. To sum up, the challenges before the global economy are by no means simple. Timely intervention in the form of steal policies and fiscal help from the world bodies are needed to tide over the crisis.No less important is the political will needed for the seamless implementation of the policies. Poverty ?Sub-Saharan Africa has been witness to the most severe form of poverty. Nearly 50% of the population survives on less than $1-a-day. Malnutrition, internal conflicts, dreadful diseases like AIDS and improper governmental measures are the main reasons behind this extreme poverty. ?As far as poverty goes, it is the Southeast Asia that comes next to sub-Saharan Africa. Around 85% of the total population of the Southeast Asia survives on below $2-a-day. Despite 50% of population living under $2-a-day, the number of poor people in eastern Asia and Pacific has declined significantly in recent past. It is mainly due to the so cial and economic progress achieved by China over the passage of time. ?When it comes to Latin America, dissimilarity in income distribution resulting from poverty is a matter of great concern. ?Some 300 million of Indias people still live in sorrowful poverty, and another 300 million hover precariously above the poverty line. One challenge is to reach the poor with programs and policies that workInflation ?Considering the failure of US sub prime market and the subsequent recession in US economy, controlling the increasing rate of inflation is the greatest challenge that the world is confronting for some time now. ?The Indian and Chinese governments are taking care of the inflationary situations very seriously. In Europe, interest rates have been maintained at higher side to keep inflation under control. ?Fiscal policy measures like reducing government expenditure and increasing rate of taxation can also be used to check inflation.Attempts are on to bring about regulatory changes to face the challenge of inflation. Inequality ?Globalization is considered by many to be the main cause behind the perpetration of an increased income inequality in wide areas of the globe. ?However, an increased trade globalization has only worked towards the eradication of this inequality. The need of the time of day is policies, which will ensure that the proceeds from technological innovation and globalization are distributed among the cross section of a countrys population. ?Developing countries are primarily agriculture based and they can promote gricultural exports for reaping the benefits of trade liberalization. Climate change ?Environmentalists all over the world are trying their best to protect the planet from the adverse effects of climate change. The European Union has played a crucial role in these movements. ?The primary objective of the Convention has been to urge the developed nations to check the waiver of greenhouse gas. The target regarding greenhouse gas emis sion that has been set in Kyoto Protocol needs to be achieved within the period of 2008-2012. The European Climate Change Program or ECCP in another major initiative towards environment protection. ?However, to control the emission of greenhouse gas it is necessary to create general awareness among the common people. Substantial change in energy system, use of environment-friendly technologies in production, alternative energy efficient fuels, minimum use of fossil fuels and change in the pattern of living are the key factors that can bring about positive changes in environment. Rising food prices The urban poor will be affected the most due to this rising food prices.In most of the sub Saharan country, the common trend is that the farmers leave their land and head to other lines of production in the urban areas. According to the World Food Program, the countries that are most affected are Eritrea, Gambia, Togo, Cameroon, Niger, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Haiti, Myanmar, Yemen, Cuba etc. T rade- key to lower food prices ? go-ahead up of economy or trade liberalization can help to reduce food prices. ?Different countries have adopted different measures of trade in order to deal with the escalating food prices. Saudi Arabia has resorted to import tax cuts on wheat from 25% to zero.Tariff is also decreased for dairy products, vegetable oil and poultry. ?India slashed its tariffs on maize and edible oils. Export of rice was also stopped leaving out the high value basmati. ?For the last 2-3years India has to fill the demand supply mismatch in food through imports. There are high exporting countries like Ukraine, which are also imposing export restrictions on its food products. Afflation in the global economy ?Structural changes within an economy are an important reason behind Afflation. There is a rise in per capita income in the populated countries like India and China.Consumption of food grains as feedstock has also increased. ?According to the International Grain Counci l, the world grain production would reach 1660m tones in 2008, which exceeds the previous year by 90m tones. Even then demand is likely to outdo supply. ?Inflation in the agricultural sector can be attributed broadly to crops like coffee, corn, wheat, and soybeans, sugar, cocoa and meat and poultry products. Trend in demand for and supply of food grains It is estimated that the world population will rise by 800 million per decade till 2025.The production of food grains is expected to rise to 2. 6