Glimpse of Scriptures of Religions of Indian Origin Essay

Glimpse of Scriptures of Religions of Indian Origin - Essay Example This paper illustrates philosophy and beliefs of Sikhism. No other God but one. Same God is for every person and every religion. The soul passes through the phases of birth and death before reaching to human form. The aim of life is to live an exemplary life so that our soul may merge with God. Every follower of Sikh religion should always remember God and practice living a moral and honest life and should maintain a balance between the obligations of temporal and spiritual. The right path to attain salvation and merging with God does not require rejection of the world or abstaining yourselves from any sexual relations, but by leading a life as a householder, living an honest life and stay away from sins and worldly temptations. Both these most influential beliefs have shaped Asian history. Both of these religions have dominated the majority of Asian regions, especially India and China. They have been around thousands of years. Both Buddhism and Daoism are different in many things, y et share the same original confidence in renascence. Both have its own approach to such belief in the same way both emphasize a different way of life. Buddhism was founded by Siddharta Gautama, he belongs to a royal family and was born as a prince in 624 BC in a place called Lumbini. He was known as Buddha meaning ‘enlightened one’. From the beginning, Buddhism has been embraced to be a philosophy and a religion at the same time. The core values of Buddhism are encapsulated in three things. Daoism (Taoism) was first introduced in China. The main focus of Daoism is on subjects that move around religious and philosophical backgrounds, for example, peace, strength, openness, naturalness, hollowness, the connection between universe and humanity, and inaction or wu wei. Daoism came from the word â€Å"Tao† which means the ‘way’, the power that exists in all life in the world. Therefore the aim of the Daoist’s is to straighten up him with that way.   According to Daoism the soul never dies, it is everlasting and changes to another life till completion of Taoist goals.   

Persuasive Bullying Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Bullying Essay This article is a practical help for you in your persuasive bullying essay writing. In order to write a good persuasive bullying essay, you have to become determine with the fact what the bullying is and how badly it influences the people. The definition of the notion of bullying is as follows: bullying is an open aggression towards a person or towards a group of people by the other person or a group of people. There are so many kinds of bullying, however, we are going to deal with the bullying, which is taking place in the colleges and other higher educational establishments because of this problem is too sharp in this very field nowadays. In order to write a professional persuasive bullying essay you have to write it from the prism of psychology. That is why be ready to investigate and analyze a lot while your persuasive bullying essay writing. A Topic Addressing a Common Occurrence Bullying Essays Need Novel and Fresh Perspectives Have you ever been bullied? Have you ever bullied someone? Sometimes what we think as simple teasing may amount to bullying in the eyes and the minds of someone with a sensitive mind. Therefore, this is a common occurrence which has repercussions which most of us may not foresee. Writing a bullying essay, can contain the feelings you had when either being bullied or bullying someone. On the other hand, it could be about the repercussions as mental trauma undergone by the victims. There are many ways in which to write this essay. However, firstly, we need to understand what bullying is. Defining Bullying Bullying is behaviour where one individual who is usually physically bigger act obnoxiously, annoying and physically and mentally disturbing another individual. Most often bullying comes from people who are either lacking in social skills or some form of personal affliction or a complex. Bullying is most common in young children. There are many instances where a small made child is often bullied by bigger and aggressive children. But we also see adults resorting to bullying younger children or more timid individuals. Write a Bullying Essay Which Address this Social Bane The Dire Repercussions of Bullying can be addressed in a Bullying Essay Bullying is something which can occur in many places. Bullying will begin mainly in schools, beginning at the age of ten or twelve. However, it is something which many people do regardless of age as well. This extends the habit to colleges, work place and even home. Writing a bullying essay will educate you and others on the repercussions of bullying. Your essay on bullying can be handled in various ways. If you wish, you will be able to concentrate on the repercussions of being bullied, especially once itâ„ ¢s carried too far, how to stop bullying, and the reasons for bullying. Make sure that you develop a proper essay layout and plan what part of bullying you will concentrate on in your essay.

When Small Worlds Collide :: essays research papers

When Small Worlds Collide The Industrial Revolution provided well-defined boundaries between communities, companies, nation-states, markets, and peoples established by the invention of the railroad. The new era of globalization or Informational Revolution breaks down all of these boundaries and shapes our lives by integrating technology, finance, and information into a single global market. E-Commerce globalization has created a system that is shaped by superpowers, supermarkets, and super-empowered individuals. This new Globalization is a highly complex and interconnected international system of small worlds uniting knowledge ultimately leading to the end cultural wars and ways. The Lexus is what each one and country wants, but what is the price? Cultural Genes Biologists generally agree that the primary force behind evolution in humans is natural selection. With each generation the chromosomes and genes of the parents are scrambled to produce new mixes . The genetic evolution is parallel to the cultural evolution. They are linked and the mind is that linkage. However, there is a boundary between knowledge for the mind and culture. This is not a territorial line, but a broad, unexplored terrain awaiting entry from both sides. Technology is the tool that enters this terrain. Thus, the communal mind created by culture, which is a product of the genetically structured human brain, can now be exposed to all cultures, societies, and ideas. Some of them are Lexus while others are Olive Trees. Everyone can have the same Lexus; however there is only one unique Olive Tree. Identity Crisis â€Å"Few things are more enraging to people than to have their identity or their sense of home stripped away. †¦ Because without a sense of home and belonging life becomes barren and rootless. And life as a tumbleweed is no life at all. Olive trees...represent everything that root us, anchors us, identifies us and locates us in this world†¦.† states Thomas L. Freidman. The underlying message here is fear. Our fear of the unknown, our fear that home will no long be, and our fear of not surviving. The Cold War spawned treaties to protect our Olive Tree from fear of our enemies. Now, the deal becomes the protection from our competitors. But the biggest fear is not from another olive tree, nor the Lexus. It is from the standardizing market forces and technologies of today, which tend to break down communities, steam-roll environments and crowd out traditions. This leads us to a loss of identity which in turn can create a crisis.

John Proctor

John Proctor BY charited7575 The famous philosopher Aristotle defines a tragic hero as â€Å"The change in the hero's fortunes be not from misery to happiness, but on the contrary, from happiness to misery, and the cause of it must not lie in any depravity but in some great error on his part. † Arthur Miller constructs The Crucible to be a never ending tragic spiral leading to many peoples death which creates several by- products of destruction to everyone in the town of Salem. John Proctor can be labeled as one of the protagonist n the play as the story is partly centered on him.He makes a clearly a suitable character for the tragic hero because he has an integrity stabbing flaw, he has to choose between his fate and his reputation, and as far as morals go, he is definitively better than the other characters in the play although there are many defects in his character. John Proctor is a prime representation ofa tragic hero. The quality of possessing and steadfastly adhering t o high moral principles or professional standards is the definition of integrity and the definition of John Proctor.Proctor is very highly respected in the town of Salem due to his high principles shown. Unfortunately, as the tragic hero, he has done something that has severely damaged his high integrity. Proctor cheated on Elizabeth with Abigail. In a town as religiously influenced as Salem, this hurts Proctor's reputation because committing adultery is against one of the Ten Commandments. Ironically, when asked to recite the Ten Commandments by Reverend Hale, he forgets about the commandment stating, mfou shall not commit adultery.John admits to having an affair with Abigail Williams in the court hearing in hope to prove her accusations false. When they call his wife out, Elizabeth, she is unaware that he has confessed as Danforth states, â€Å"Answer my question! Is your husband a leacher! † Elizabeth then faintly says â€Å"No, sir. † Doing so, she has doomed them both. Having an affair with Abigail Williams ultimately leads to John Proctor's demise, thus proving him as the tragic hero. The great Athenian philosopher Socrates is very similar to John Proctor.Socrates was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth, which he did not necessarily do. Even when he was put on trial and faced with death, he kept his pride and stuck with the truth. He was then executed by drinking poison. John Proctor was accused of being a witch, which he was not. He also never lied to himself and stayed with what he knew was true. John Proctor is faced with the decision to either die and forever keep his integrity, reputation, and name, or live and forever lose all of them. Proctor eventually hooses to die as Hale states, â€Å"Man, you will hang!You cannot! † Proctor proceeds to say, â€Å"l can. And there's your first marvel, that I can. You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. † His decision ma kes him a tragic hero because it was the honorable thing to do although it came to his death and his character flaw indirectly caused his death. Although part of being a tragic hero is having flaws, another part of it is being superior in some aspect of your character compared to the other characters. John Proctor's morals are superior to the other characters.He never believes in anyone has been practicing witchcraft after the most of Salem is convinced. He also stood up to Parris in Act One as he says, † the last meeting I were at you spoke so long on deeds and mortgages I thought i were an auction. † Throughout the play Abigail tries to seduce John but he proves time and time again that he has learned from the mistake he made. Proctor also has the pride to keep his reputation which leads to his perish which almost all of the ther characters wouldn't do.The crux of the matter is John Proctor is a true tragic hero which is proved throughout the play. He kept true to hims elf even in the face of death, he learned from his mistakes, and he has an immense amount of integrity that almost all of the characters fail to have within them. John is not perfect and the part of him that is imperfect ends up being the cause of his tragic death. Although the hero side of him shines throughout the story, the tragic side of him is always glaring behind him. John Proctor John Proctor BY charited7575 The famous philosopher Aristotle defines a tragic hero as â€Å"The change in the hero's fortunes be not from misery to happiness, but on the contrary, from happiness to misery, and the cause of it must not lie in any depravity but in some great error on his part. † Arthur Miller constructs The Crucible to be a never ending tragic spiral leading to many peoples death which creates several by- products of destruction to everyone in the town of Salem. John Proctor can be labeled as one of the protagonist n the play as the story is partly centered on him.He makes a clearly a suitable character for the tragic hero because he has an integrity stabbing flaw, he has to choose between his fate and his reputation, and as far as morals go, he is definitively better than the other characters in the play although there are many defects in his character. John Proctor is a prime representation ofa tragic hero. The quality of possessing and steadfastly adhering t o high moral principles or professional standards is the definition of integrity and the definition of John Proctor.Proctor is very highly respected in the town of Salem due to his high principles shown. Unfortunately, as the tragic hero, he has done something that has severely damaged his high integrity. Proctor cheated on Elizabeth with Abigail. In a town as religiously influenced as Salem, this hurts Proctor's reputation because committing adultery is against one of the Ten Commandments. Ironically, when asked to recite the Ten Commandments by Reverend Hale, he forgets about the commandment stating, mfou shall not commit adultery.John admits to having an affair with Abigail Williams in the court hearing in hope to prove her accusations false. When they call his wife out, Elizabeth, she is unaware that he has confessed as Danforth states, â€Å"Answer my question! Is your husband a leacher! † Elizabeth then faintly says â€Å"No, sir. † Doing so, she has doomed them both. Having an affair with Abigail Williams ultimately leads to John Proctor's demise, thus proving him as the tragic hero. The great Athenian philosopher Socrates is very similar to John Proctor.Socrates was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth, which he did not necessarily do. Even when he was put on trial and faced with death, he kept his pride and stuck with the truth. He was then executed by drinking poison. John Proctor was accused of being a witch, which he was not. He also never lied to himself and stayed with what he knew was true. John Proctor is faced with the decision to either die and forever keep his integrity, reputation, and name, or live and forever lose all of them. Proctor eventually hooses to die as Hale states, â€Å"Man, you will hang!You cannot! † Proctor proceeds to say, â€Å"l can. And there's your first marvel, that I can. You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. † His decision ma kes him a tragic hero because it was the honorable thing to do although it came to his death and his character flaw indirectly caused his death. Although part of being a tragic hero is having flaws, another part of it is being superior in some aspect of your character compared to the other characters. John Proctor's morals are superior to the other characters.He never believes in anyone has been practicing witchcraft after the most of Salem is convinced. He also stood up to Parris in Act One as he says, † the last meeting I were at you spoke so long on deeds and mortgages I thought i were an auction. † Throughout the play Abigail tries to seduce John but he proves time and time again that he has learned from the mistake he made. Proctor also has the pride to keep his reputation which leads to his perish which almost all of the ther characters wouldn't do.The crux of the matter is John Proctor is a true tragic hero which is proved throughout the play. He kept true to hims elf even in the face of death, he learned from his mistakes, and he has an immense amount of integrity that almost all of the characters fail to have within them. John is not perfect and the part of him that is imperfect ends up being the cause of his tragic death. Although the hero side of him shines throughout the story, the tragic side of him is always glaring behind him. John Proctor John Proctor’s Development The Crucible, first published in 1953, is about the dramatization of the Salem witch trials that takes place in Massachusetts in 1692. In The Crucible, John Proctor is the most significant person that has most effect on the ending. Every decision he makes alter the outcome of the witch trial in Salem. In the beginning, he seems reluctant to confess the truth, but in the end, he finally comes upfront and admits what he has done due to his desire of saving others.John can be compared to a crucible because he is like a vessel that when heated to extremely high temperatures, melts down and purifies owing to the fact that he has changed tremendously throughout the book. John Proctor seems to be self-centered and inconsiderate, but because of his guilt for causing all the persecutions, he becomes ingenuous and forthright. At the outset of the book, it is revealed that John Proctor, a man in his middle thirties, once had an affair with Abigail Williams, a g irl age of seventeen, when Abigail says that, â€Å"I know how you clutched my back behind your house and sweated like a stallion whenever I come near!Or did I dream that? It’s she put me out, you cannot pretend it were you. I saw your face when she put me out, and you loved me then and you do now† (22). They not only had feelings for one another for a while but, they did more than that. According to the ten laws in Salem, one of the laws states that thou shall not commit adultery. Once Proctor realizes his immoral doings, he immediately stops his relationship with Abigail and refuses her every time she tries to get close to him. An example that clearly exemplifies this is when they are in Parris’s house, talking about what happened in the woods concerning last night.When Abigail and John are left alone inside the room, John says, â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wip e it out of mind. We never touched, Abby† (23). This shows that Proctor has changed since at first he had an affair with Abigail but when she wants to prolong it, he stands up firmly and rejects her. As people are being arrested as a result of Abigail’s accusations, John knows that it is all a pretense.Nonetheless, he doesn’t have any eagerness to help the others that are affected due to his actions. An event that proves this is when Elizabeth encourages him to help the others. She says, â€Å"God forbid you keep that from the court, John. I think they must be told†¦You cannot keep it John† and he replies by saying, â€Å"I know I cannot keep it. I say I will think on it† (53). However, on the night his dear wife Elizabeth is arrested, he promises her that he will do anything in his power to free her and show everyone that Abigail is unscrupulous.He acknowledges that the only way to make others believe that Abigail is telling lies is to tell th em about their affair. In the end, he goes to Judge Hathorne ad Deputy Governor Danforth and admits by saying, â€Å"In the proper place—where my beasts are bedded. On the last night of my joy, some eight months past. She used to serve me in my house, sir†¦She thinks to dance with me on my wife’s grave! And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is promise in such sweat. But it is a whore’s vengeance, you must see it; I set myself entirely in your hands† (110).This demonstrates his want to come clean and confess what he had done wrong in the past in order to save his wife and those around him. After John tells the truth, Abigail denies it and acts as if she is a poor girl who is being treated unjustly by others even though she is doing a good deed. When Elizabeth is called forth to tell the real story, she lies in order to protect her husband’s name but, has no knowledge that he himself has confessed. As a result, the judges believe Abigail’s story and sends Proctor to jail.While he’s in jail, people, such as Hale, persuades him to confess even though they know that he will have to lie but, they think that if he confesses, at least he will not be hanged. Proctor wants to live, so he confesses. Danforth then gives him a paper to sign and after John signs it, Danforth demands that he must also go tell the truth to the public as well. However, Proctor says, â€Å"You are the high court, your word is good enough! Tell them I confessed myself; say Proctor broke his knees and wept like a woman; say what you will, but my name cannot—† (143).He doesn’t want to live without his name and tears the paper. As a result, he isn’t freed and is condemned to hang. This reveals at first, he wants to live so he lies, but when the judges want him to confess to the public, he rejects. Even though what he did cost him his life, he is able to have his goodness. Jo hn Proctor’s development has shown that he has truly become a good person and admits to all his actions. Throughout the book, he faces many obstacles which put him in a situation where he has no choice but to tell the truth. These obstacles allow him to make the right decisions and finally change. John Proctor John Proctor BY charited7575 The famous philosopher Aristotle defines a tragic hero as â€Å"The change in the hero's fortunes be not from misery to happiness, but on the contrary, from happiness to misery, and the cause of it must not lie in any depravity but in some great error on his part. † Arthur Miller constructs The Crucible to be a never ending tragic spiral leading to many peoples death which creates several by- products of destruction to everyone in the town of Salem. John Proctor can be labeled as one of the protagonist n the play as the story is partly centered on him.He makes a clearly a suitable character for the tragic hero because he has an integrity stabbing flaw, he has to choose between his fate and his reputation, and as far as morals go, he is definitively better than the other characters in the play although there are many defects in his character. John Proctor is a prime representation ofa tragic hero. The quality of possessing and steadfastly adhering t o high moral principles or professional standards is the definition of integrity and the definition of John Proctor.Proctor is very highly respected in the town of Salem due to his high principles shown. Unfortunately, as the tragic hero, he has done something that has severely damaged his high integrity. Proctor cheated on Elizabeth with Abigail. In a town as religiously influenced as Salem, this hurts Proctor's reputation because committing adultery is against one of the Ten Commandments. Ironically, when asked to recite the Ten Commandments by Reverend Hale, he forgets about the commandment stating, mfou shall not commit adultery.John admits to having an affair with Abigail Williams in the court hearing in hope to prove her accusations false. When they call his wife out, Elizabeth, she is unaware that he has confessed as Danforth states, â€Å"Answer my question! Is your husband a leacher! † Elizabeth then faintly says â€Å"No, sir. † Doing so, she has doomed them both. Having an affair with Abigail Williams ultimately leads to John Proctor's demise, thus proving him as the tragic hero. The great Athenian philosopher Socrates is very similar to John Proctor.Socrates was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth, which he did not necessarily do. Even when he was put on trial and faced with death, he kept his pride and stuck with the truth. He was then executed by drinking poison. John Proctor was accused of being a witch, which he was not. He also never lied to himself and stayed with what he knew was true. John Proctor is faced with the decision to either die and forever keep his integrity, reputation, and name, or live and forever lose all of them. Proctor eventually hooses to die as Hale states, â€Å"Man, you will hang!You cannot! † Proctor proceeds to say, â€Å"l can. And there's your first marvel, that I can. You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. † His decision ma kes him a tragic hero because it was the honorable thing to do although it came to his death and his character flaw indirectly caused his death. Although part of being a tragic hero is having flaws, another part of it is being superior in some aspect of your character compared to the other characters. John Proctor's morals are superior to the other characters.He never believes in anyone has been practicing witchcraft after the most of Salem is convinced. He also stood up to Parris in Act One as he says, † the last meeting I were at you spoke so long on deeds and mortgages I thought i were an auction. † Throughout the play Abigail tries to seduce John but he proves time and time again that he has learned from the mistake he made. Proctor also has the pride to keep his reputation which leads to his perish which almost all of the ther characters wouldn't do.The crux of the matter is John Proctor is a true tragic hero which is proved throughout the play. He kept true to hims elf even in the face of death, he learned from his mistakes, and he has an immense amount of integrity that almost all of the characters fail to have within them. John is not perfect and the part of him that is imperfect ends up being the cause of his tragic death. Although the hero side of him shines throughout the story, the tragic side of him is always glaring behind him.

Bar and Bat Mitzvahs

Rites of passage are a common element of various populations. These rites indicate a change in the lives of those involved. This change usually includes more responsibilities of one kind or another and the rite takes the participant into that next phase of life. One such rite for those of the Jewish faith is the passage into adulthood in a religious, and to an extent, a social sense. The b’nai mitzvah, bar mitzvah for boys and bat mitzvah for girls, are the ceremonies established for this purpose.The ceremony takes place when a boy turns thirteen, or a girl twelve or thirteen, and afterwards, the child is then considered an adult within the religion, expected to take on the responsibilities thereof so that they may help to teach others the ways of the Jewish faith. These responsibilities include praying, observance of the Sabbath, fasting when it is required, and other such things.While such things were considered mainly the responsibilities of those who were becoming adult ma les, it has evolved over the centuries to include females to one extent or the other as well, although Orthodox churches still tend to exclude women from performing many of the tasks that have traditionally been the roles of the male. The word â€Å"mitzvah† is defined as a commandment, while â€Å"bar† and â€Å"bat,† respectively, mean son and daughter.These terms indicate that those going through the ritual are now at a point where they can fulfill the commandments, becoming responsible members of the faith and be welcomed into the adult population. From that point on, the child is considered an adult â€Å"for purposes of participating in synagogue ritual† (Fox and Zimbler 18-19). According to Cohen and Weinrott, â€Å"The goal of the bar and bat mitzvah is to enter the larger community, while at the same time recognizing one’s own unique individual spiritual and social circumstances† (5). Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 2 of 9The first indica tion of the practice of the bar mitzvah seems to be in the Talmud several centuries ago during the Second Temple, when it is recorded that the sages would â€Å"bless a child who had reached the age of thirteen and who had fasted on Yom Kippur† (Lewit and Epstein 5). At that time there was no ceremony involved, only the declaring of the boy as bar mitzvah on his thirteenth birthday. He was considered an adult then, expected to follow the laws and take responsibility for himself instead of being considered the responsibility of his father.It was in the thirteenth or fourteenth century that this transition became formalized in such a way that resembles the ritual practiced today. The ceremony then led into a meal to celebrate the boy’s transition, and by 1595, this feast became â€Å"so sumptuous that a communal tax was placed on the celebration to stop such excesses† (Cohen and Weinrott 11). The bat mitzvah was not such an illustrious occasion as early as the bar mitzvah. The Talmud records that, around the second or third century, girls came of age at twelve to fulfill the commandments.Women were not obligated like men to engage in most religious exercises, their responsibilities instead revolving around home and family. While this age was considered important, it was not until the seventeenth century that it was considered important to celebrate the occasion. France and Italy celebrated with a ceremony in the middle of the nineteenth century at the latest, but it was not until 1922 that girls were accorded the same ceremony as boys with their bat mitzvah, when Mordecai Kaplan of the Society for the Advancement of Judaism, who founded Reconstructive Judaism, held the ceremony for his daughter.In some congregations, a girl becomes bat mitzvah at twelve, while in others the ceremony is performed at thirteen, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 3 of 9 like it is for boys. Different congregations of Judaism treat the coming of age of boys and girls in d ifferent ways. While some give equal credence to the two genders during this time in belief that both should be on equal footing, there are others who believe that the religious obligations of boys and girls are different and therefore they should follow different rules.This leads to even more differences in the observance of this special time for girls than it does before, as some congregations have the identical ceremony for both genders while others give the girls less religious responsibility during the occasion. It is not that they consider the duties of a female to be less important, only separate and distinct from those expected from males. The celebration of these ceremonies took on different aspects in different countries starting late in the Middle Ages.The differences included such things as on which days the ceremony took place and how much of the service was conducted by the boy himself. The Marranos in Spain and Portugal were forced to practice their religion in secret , and the day of the bat mitzvah was when a boy was introduced to the religion. This secrecy helped to preserve the religion for more than 300 years in those countries. The traditional day for the bar or bat mitzvah to take place is on Saturday, which is known as Shabbat, or Sabbath.Bat mitzvahs are often held on Fridays, different congregations either giving the choice as to whether to hold it on Shabbat or requiring that it be done on Friday night. It is also possible for either ceremony to be held on Mondays or Thursdays, which were days in the days of the Temple when the Torah was read. Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 4 of 9 While some may choose to enhance the event by combining it to some extent with existing Jewish holidays, there are certain days which are usually avoided.The traditions of these holidays can help to make the day even more special and memorable. However, there are certain days that involve the remembrance of tragic times for the Jewish people, and these days, such as Yom Ha-Shoah, when the lives of those lost in the Holocaust are remembered, are considered inappropriate for the occasion due to the solemnity and focus on those who have been lost. Many children who are approaching their time of bar or bat mitzvah take part in a course of study to help prepare them for the occasion.Children are often taught in groups, and during this time they learn the blessings which are said at the ceremony as well as the basic skills that are needed for the synagogue, which include â€Å"the use of the tallit, tefillin; the blowing of a shofar; how to lift and dress the Torah, and other Jewish practices† (Lewit and Epstein 35). In addition to this training of the children in groups comes more individualized training with the cantor. Each child will usually spend four to six months training in this way.Other tutors may be utilized as well, giving the children a well-rounded and intensive study of what is to come and what is expected of them. Study aids such as the Tikkun are also helpful for this purpose. The Tikkun is a book that is used to help practice reading the Torah, giving help not only with pronunciation, but also with melody, which is a large part of the ceremonies in many congregations. The duties of the bar or bat mitzvah vary from congregation to congregation. At the simplest, it is simply the responsibility of the newly proclaimed adult to recite a blessing at the Torah.This is the most sacred of books in the Jewish faith, and is Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 5 of 9 handwritten on a scroll made of parchment. It is considered an honor to recite a blessing at the Torah, and is the most important part of the bar or bat mitzvah. Depending upon the congregation, he or she will read part or all of the passage, and then the Torah is taken around the synagogue before being returned to its place in the ark which is either at the front or the center of every synagogue.Another common duty of the bar or bat mitzvah is to read the H aftarah, which is a reading from the Prophets. It, as the Torah, has its own melodies that are usually followed and which take much practice to get right. In some Reform congregations it and the Torah are merely recited. Some congregations can require even more responsibility from the bar or bat mitzvah. He or she can be expected not just to recite the entire Torah portion of the service, but also to lead some of the service or to take over with certain prayers.A speech can also be required, and the father usually recites a blessing as well, officially relinquishing responsibility for the child who has now become an adult. Some congregations also require the child to spend time writing what is known as a dvar Torah for the ceremony. This is a commentary on a portion or portions of the Torah that the child is expected to study and interpret in his or her own way. He or she usually relates it somehow to his or her life and the significance of the Jewish faith to the individual writing it. The length of the document does not matter so long as it expresses something meaningful.In addition to the duties expected from the bar or bat mitzvah, others can play a significant role in the ceremony. The number of these can vary in different congregations, but it is considered an honor to the participants who perform those duties. Those who Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 6 of 9 take part in this are usually close to the child, and it is a duty that those asked to participate take very seriously. However, Orthodox churches tend to disallow the participation of women in most, if not all, of these. The most important role for one of these honorees is that of the aliyah.This is when one is allowed to go to the pulpit and both before and after one section is read from the Torah, to recite a blessing. The number of people who can be an aliyah can be as high as eight, with the last one being that of the child, who is to the final blessing, which is known as the Maftir. This demonstrate s the first real responsibility that a child is accorded in the congregation to illustrate his or her adult status. Other honors can include family members who are allowed to read a section of the Torah as well as tasks that can be taken on in some cases by younger children.There are also tasks that can be taken on by those who are not allowed to participate in the Torah service. They can help to hand things out, serve as ushers, or even decorate the synagogue for the ceremony and bake refreshments. There is also a tradition for many of those in the congregation to throw nuts and candies at the newly proclaimed adult after the ceremony, and passing out such things is a job often taken on by younger family members. After the service, many Jewish families throw a celebration.This has been a big change from earlier days, when there was no pomp but simply a declaration of the child becoming an adult. But these celebrations have become an important part of some congregations, particularl y those of American Jews. Many more traditional Jews frown upon the seeming need of many families to try and outdo each other in the extravagance of this celebration. Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 7 of 9 One of the traditions that is often followed at Jewish celebrations, including the b’nai mitzvah, is called the Kiddush.This is a prayer over wine that is defined as sanctification. Red wine is the most commonly used for this purpose and it is decided by the family who will chant the Kiddush. This can be one or more people, depending on their preference. The only one who is required to drink from the goblet of wine is the chanter of the blessing, but some prefer to pass it around so that all may have a taste, or with larger groups, cups may be provided for all. Another blessing that is given is the Motzi, which is the blessing over bread.Bread is a very important part of the Jewish meal, and a braided bread known as challah is used for such a purpose as important ceremonies. They are symbolic, and â€Å"represent not just the staff of life, but unity and peace as well† (Cohen and Weinrott 151). The bread is blessed after the wine, giving thanks for the feast that is to be shared. During the Kiddush, the challah is covered with a cloth, some traditions stating that this is to protect the bread from being embarrassed because the wine is blessed first.After the blessing of the bread, there is no need for blessings to be said over any of the following courses. It is usually tradition for a grandparent, or eldest member of the family, to say the blessing over the bread as well as cut it after the blessing. It may then be sliced and then passed around to all present, although some prefer to tear the bread with hands instead of cutting it with a knife. It is then usually salted before being eaten, and then the rest of the meal follows. A more recent tradition among the American Jews is that of the candle lighting ceremony.Thirteen or fourteen people are com monly chosen to light candles that are often placed on a cake, and sometimes make a blessing over the candles for the child. A Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 8 of 9 cake is not always used, however, with some people preferring a candelabra or other setting. When the candles are lit is also optional, some preferring it before the meal while others wait until after. Music is often used to announce the tradition, and special words are often said by those lighting them and occasionally by the child as well.During the celebration is also a time when many choose to make toasts to the child and his or her future and to wish that child well. The parents might choose to give speeches, and usually anyone is invited to say something if they wish, although brevity is often appreciated. The ceremony of Havdalah, which means separation, is often incorporated into Saturday night celebrations, and regarding bar and bat mitzvahs, â€Å"it is a special reminder of the bittersweet separation of youth and adulthood† (Cohen and Weinrott 159).After the celebratory meal, it is a tradition to say the Birkat Ha-Mazon, which means â€Å"grace after the meal. † Four prayers make this up, and then there are also psalms and blessing said as well. There are many choices as to who can lead this service, from the rabbi to the bar or bat mitzvah. However, there are also those who prefer less formal graces, and they might even include a poem or other prayers. The conclusion of this grace is a prayer for peace. Music has always been a large part of the Jewish culture; therefore it is often included as an important part of the celebration.The offerings of this can range anywhere from the simple to the more elaborate, depending upon the tastes of those involved. It is preferable to involve the guests with this, and that can be done in a variety of ways, from singing to dancing, which usually includes the hora. Bar and Bat Mitzvahs Page 9 of 9 The hora is a traditional dance used during J ewish celebrations. It was developed early in the twentieth century in Israel, and is a group dance, where the dancers are linked to each other in a circle, arms linked and hands on the shoulders of those next to them.This represents the closeness of the community and the equality of value of all of the people involved†¦ After the hora often comes the chair dance, in which the child sits in a chair and then that chair is lifted above their shoulders by those present. They are then danced that way, and often parents and other family members are allowed to share in the feelings of exultation by having their own turn in the chair. This dance emphasizes not only the individual who is put in the spotlight, but the community around that person who supports the chair and the individual during that time.The sense of community is very important to those of the Jewish faith, and this dance is a demonstration of this. Ceremony is a very crucial part of Judaism. This can be seen in many of their holidays and ceremonies, and the importance of the b’nai mitzvah can be considered to be the fact that it is this that pulls yet another into the community of Jewish adults. The new adult is allowed then to participate in ways that only adults can, and this strengthens the religion as a whole, passing the traditions and beliefs on to another generation so that it may again be passed on to that person’s children.Perhaps the fact that the Jewish people have been through much pain and difficulty throughout their history has helped to make these ceremonies even more important than they once were, transitioning them from a simple announcement of adulthood and breaking off of responsibility by the father to the elaborate celebrations that many have today. Bibliography Cohen, Jayne and Lori Weinrott. 2004. The Ultimate Bar/Bat Mitzvah Celebration Book. New York: Clarkson Potter/Publishers. Fox, Karen L. and Phylliz Zimbler Miller.1992. Seasons for Celebratoin: A Contem porary Guide to the Joys, Practices, and Traditions of the Jewish Holidays. New York: The Putnam Publishing Group. Himelstein, Dr. Shmuel. 1990. The Jewish Prayer: Questions and Answers on Jewish Faith and Cuture. New York: Facts on File, Inc. Lewit, Jane and Ellen Epstein. 1996. The Bar/Bat Mitzvah Planbook. Lanham, MD: Scarborough House. Oppenheimer, Mark. 2005. Thirteen and a Day: The Bar and Bat Mitzvah Across America. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Factor behind the economic and social development of the UAE

Factor behind the economic and social development of the UAE Introduction Economy and Demographics of the UAE MOIA (1) explored that the UAE has demonstrated skyscraping growth connecting its GDP per capita income almost similar to the European leading economy while the oil sector is the prime contributor of economy; however, this country has a population of 4.4 million with a growth rate of 1.52 percent and 0.66% migration rate per annum accounted in 2006. The key features of the demography of the UAE include–Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factor behind the economic and social development of the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Here, 75% people are 15-64 years of age group, about 20% people are 14 years and less age group, and about 1% people are older than 65 years; The life expectancy range is 75.7 years in average; The country has an alarming mail female ratio, such as, for 3 million male there are 1.4 million females; The major feature of the demography is t hat there are 20% people local inhabitants, 60% people are migrated from South Asia, and rest 20% people have settled from different Arab states; According to the constitution, UAE is an Islamic country, and 86% people are Muslim, and 14% citizens are other ethic group; among the Muslims, 85% people are Sunni, and 15% inhabitants are Shia (Library of Congress 5-6). However, the following figures show the GDP per capita income and population of the UAE for the last five years Figure 1: GDP per capita income of the UAE Source: Indexmundi (1) Figure 2: Population of the UAEAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Indexmundi (1) Comparison between the Concurrent and Past of UAE The World Economic Forum argued that the concurrent UAE has been going through an extremely higher economic growth due to rising oil prices along with vigorous expansion of the housing and r eal estate markets and the country evidenced a standard growth of GDP over 7% per annum during 2000-2007; however, it has recorded 65% GDP growth in 2008 (WEF 4). At the seventy years back, the modern Emirates were different several states under Britain general treaty of peace while the nations were under control of two tribal groups, such as, Qawasim and Bani Yas; however, the people of that time lived on agricultural and pastoral along with robbing on the foreign ships. The overall economy of this region was very distressed until the oil resources were discovered and the traditional form of Arab monarchy continued until independence. Importance of the Factors of the Socioeconomic Development in UAE The Economist reported that the Arab world is under serious threats for Labialization and democracy, the wave of Arab Spring has been spreading out from one county to another, some of the Emirates are afraid with the growing violence and peoples movement, which may abolish the tradition al Arab monarchy in UAE replacing by democracy at any moment (The Economist 1). To mitigate such risk, the government of UAE necessitates introducing appropriate economic development policy, which would be capable to avoid social unrest and political violence. To formulate such a policy, it is essential for policymakers to take into account of the factors those contributed the country to be a most resourceful county in the world and to bring social development, analysis of that factors would assist the policymakers to generate new policy which would be acceptable to the mass people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factor behind the economic and social development of the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, it is essential to analyze the factors of social and economic development of UAE. Snapshots for Rest of the Essay The first cheaper of the paper has presented the background of the study while the second cha pter would present stages of economic development in UAE from the historical perspectives with a comparison with other Arab counties in this region. The third chapter would identify and analyze the four factors that generated economic and social development and the fourth chapter would draw conclusion for the study. Economic and Social Development of UAE Stages of development in the UAE From now to the seventy years back, UAE has evidenced different development stages, this paper would classify the stage into three phases, such as, colonial stage, independence and post independence stage and the third phase is global financial crisis and concurrent stage. Although, the country has historical perspectives of archaeological background from 5000 BC to 676 AD, era of Islamic Interference, Tribal society, and Trucial states development, but these historical stages are out of the area of present study and limited up to seventy years back. The development stages of last seventy years are a s- Colonial Stage: At seventy years back, during the British colonial rule, UAE evidenced the World War-II. Hellyer and Garey (2) pointed out that UAE and the Trucal states have great impact of World War-II, there were US and British military presence in this region while the region faced highly raise of food price, presence of foreign migrants, wartime trade barrier distressed the economy of the country (1). At the same time, due to presence of British political official and flights there were tremendous infrastructural development all over the region, flying base, radio communication were introduced, following the end of the war the country get the opportunity rethink about confederation and development of constitution. During this stage, most of the people lived on agriculture and pearl trade, although the first instance of oil discovery, British proclaimed to leave this territory in 1962 (Library of Congress 2). Independence and Post Independence Stage: Sadik (7) and Butt (2) m entioned that independence in 1971, contributed UAE to organize a federation of seven Emirates under a constitution different from the other Arab; moreover, exploration of oil performance started to encourage socioeconomic development of UAE by amplifying petroleum exports that boosted government revenues. As a result, the economy diversified by optimizing its capacities, export revenues overflowed it budget deficits and turned to promoting other manufacturing and service sector that generated huge demand for importing low cost labor from the south Asian counties for capital incentive industries. At the same time, the country has gained remarkable progress for human resource development and education expansion safeguarding the religion believes of society with Islamic morals. Global Financial Crisis and Concurrent Stage: Ellaboudy (1) pointed out that due to global financial crisis the liquidity and tight credit conditions, UAE started to more intensifying due to huge current accoun t surpluses had invested in foreign countries, a number of local banks was very much covetous due to overseas borrowing for large projects Dubai. In consideration of banking liabilities, the loan and deposit ratio of local banks amplified at 120% while the necessity of credit has boosted far above than local deposits rate and the situation turned vulnerable with negative real interest rates while wealth fund hold up with the strapping macroeconomic principles. Due to due to fall of oil price, the export revenue tremendously reduced and the economy faced serious downturn while most of the European and US countries have failed to overcome the crisis, UAE evidenced far better position due to its strong macroeconomic base and petroleum resources. On the other hand, the wave of Arab Spring has been threatening the monarchy of UAE that may lead the nation to introduce new policy that would be acceptable to the local incumbents with non-oil sector expansion and with increasing employment g rowth rate in UAE. What Historical Events during the Stages The Library of Congress identified that UAE is the most resourceful country in the Persian Gulf, which has become independent in 02 December 1971 from the British colonial rule following the British proclamation that it would withdraw treaty relationships from seven Gulf States that prevailed since 1892.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Britain considered it significant to establish its supremacy in this region as the East India Company had specific interest to safeguard its maritime routes, by making peace treaty with the major Sheikhs British established the region as a center for slave trade. Before independence, there were seven isolated Emirates with long historic background, for about a century the defense and foreign affairs were controlled by the Britain and following the independence United Arab Emirates was fashioned by the group of tribally structured Arabian Peninsula sheikhdoms at the northwestern coastline of the Gulf country Oman with an area of 83,600 square kilometers (1). KAMCO (3) added that the country recorded a steady economic growth while the value of GDP was US $ 105.6 billion in 2004 and turned into doubled US $ 254.4 billion by 2008 that evidenced 65% of GDP growth, beside oil sector, the government emphasized non-oil growth. Orozco (5) remarked that UAE faced a serious catastrophe by Sept ember 2008 following the global financial crisis stating with the historical fall of oil prices, stock market, property market, and banking systems seriously shocked along with drop in remittances and tourism as well fall of investments and of the real estate bubble in the gulf market. The natural resource of the county is a great blessing for the county to overcome the impact of global financial crisis, but as an integral part of international financial system, UAE still face the impact of global recessionary impact. The ongoing political situation has barely exposed the rulers of the wealthy country UAE are worried that they perceive an alarming danger for the fall of the regime; to mitigate such risk the government of UAE necessitates to introduce appropriate economic development policy which would be capable to avoid social unrest and political violence. Influence of historical events of UAE in Relation to Other Gulf Countries Mirkin (6) argued that UAE has common cultural with long historical accords and common religion alignment, same language, and tradition with GCC 1 and other Arab nations, but there are huge dissimilarity due to geopolitical and socioeconomic diversity, thus, there is no chance for UAE to influence others with its historical events. Rather, there are enough opportunities for UAE to be influenced by the concurrent events of other Arab nations, for instance, the concurrent wave of Arab Spring influenced one by one Egypt, Syria, Tunisia, and other Middle East countries are going to be influenced. No historical event of any Arab countries have no credible acceptance to the people for the reason that historical event connecting with religion has just encouraged strengthening tradition Arab Monarchy suppressing the people and their democratic right. Religion radicalism has no further appeal to the suppress people’s movement for democracy, Arab people want freedom of speech freedom of media, the historical even any economic allowance could not compromise the burning desire of democracy and there is no other alternative rather than democratization liberalization. Although, the demographic configuration of UAE has similar characteristics Factors behind UAE Economic and Social Development The United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2007 pointed out that remarkable economic and social development of UAE has generated by the contribution of several factors, devoid of those factors, the country may not capable to see the light of modern progress. The major factors that played vital role for socioeconomic development are the most dominant oil market, vigorous growth of public joint stock companies, gradual expansion of free-trade zones and floating local stock markets and state sponsored bulky new projects along with the good judgment of economic policies that established solid foundation for extraordinary economic and social development (UAE Govt 2) Four Factors of Development Among the different factors of economic and social development, this chapter of the paper would discuss only following four factors– Dominant Oil Market of UAE Chandra (1) mentioned that discovery of oil resources in 1962, UAE explored to place itself from poor to least developed country by 1970 and by 1990, it turned into a reach country with higher GDP growth that influence the incumbents regular life providing huge job opportunity. Strong reserve of oil, increasing oil price and diversified investment of oil income explored in the non-oil sector, before oil exploration, the people were very poor and dependent on pearl trade and agriculture. In 2000, UAE assessed as the fifth largest oil reserve of oil with 98.8 billion barrel oil and six trillion CM natural gas with a production capacity 2.1 to 2.4 million barrels and real estimated contribution to the GDP AED 328 billion with export revenue of AED 202 billion in 2005; thus, the contribution of oil market is unreliable. Free-Trade Zones Shimy (7) addressed that the WTO int roduced the free trade zone concept by keeping foreign companies out of national custom taxation and documentation; in real life evidence, there is a huge variety of generic free zones formed with different aim and objectives to accelerate overall economic activity of a county. Although, the legislation of GCC does not allow full foreign ownership, UAE is the pioneer in this region to offer 100% foreign owned companies and formed free zones that played the most important role for the success of economic diversification of the country that tremendously attracted FDI inflow. The free zones also contributed the county with boost of exports, job opportunity creation, foreign labor force import, modern technology transfer; and skill development of the human resource while forward and backward linkages local companies also explored with remarkable contribution to the GDP. Stock Markets of UAE Khedhiri and Muhammad (3) pointed out that there are two stock exchanges in UAE named DFM2 and AD SM3, which started their official journey in 2000 although there prevailed authority ESCA4 and they experienced wonderful growth from their beginning in terms of market capitalization and volume of listed companies and turned into the second largest stock market in GCC region. Greater than before oil revenue, diversification of financial activities and lower interest rates in UAE has seriously contributed to the exploration of stock market in the country the current exceptional growth of the stock market restructured the investment opportunities including foreign company’s enlistment, although total number of listed companies are not enough big. Public Joint Stock Companies In the economic and social development of UAE, Public Joint Stock Companies have kept tremendous contribution to accelerate the trade and commerce along with social mobility within the emirates, to form a PJSC5 the minimum requirement is an investment of AED 10 million by the entrepreneur members, for bank ing sector the required investment is AED 40 million (UHY 3). The PJSC would organize with at least ten sponsor members, 51% of the shares would be owned by the chairperson and directors from UAE nation, rest 49% could be shared by the foreign nations; this provision provided opportunity to come closer with foreigner where business interaction and communication bring them to exchange their views that ultimately influence for social motivation. Importance of the Factors The four factors for social and economic development has a great significance to raise a nation to be united to bring itself from the very poor to the extremely rich stage; moreover, these factors also flourished mass education and higher study and to face the challenge of globalization. At the same time, social motivation that flourished by the implication of the factors has turned the people to move for democracy. Impact of West Relationship to shaping the Factors Katzman (1) added that the foreign policy of UAE dem onstrates its gradually more aggressive alignment to the USA, and supporting all US policies in the Middle East including sanctions against Iran, indicates very weak foreign policy and creates misunderstanding with the neighboring countries. The relationship of UAE with the western countries has shaped in a position that the county that it does not bother to sacrifice both national and regional interest to continue its process for Americanization, but this strong accord with the USA may not protect the negative impact that already motivated towards western culture and democracy instead of Islamic monarchy. The extent of social motivation by the westerns has progressed to a certain level of people where people do not compromise for democracy with any financial incentives, religion values or economic development, they urge for freedom of speech in exchange for their life. Conclusion UAE is the most moderate Islamic country with traditional Arab monarchy that turned the country from a poor colonial rule to one of the richest Arab country based on strong oil economy that already diversified its economy towards non-oil sector. Economic and social development of UAE has strongly aligned with the oil reserves, free-trade zones, public joint stock companies, stock markets and these factors accelerated economic growth with smooth social progress, keep away from the ancient agriculture and pearl trade. Although, the country has strong historic, cultural, ethic alignment and language similarity, but there is influence of its historical events to the others, but the others have great influence on UAE in terms of democracy and freedom of speech. The quick shifting political situation may suggest for decartelization and liberalization without any violence. To mitigate social conflict and political unrest, it is essential to introduce new policy for decartelization and liberalization, which could contribute the country to generate further social and economic progress with ba lanced economic growth. The outcomes of this study would contribute the policymakers of UAE with a better understanding of the concurrent Arab world and would direct for appropriate solution. Butt, Gerald 1997, Oil and Gas in the UAE. PDF file. 20 March 2012. Chandra, Devam. Ontribution of Oil as Gas Industry in UAE. 2011. Web. Ellaboudy, Shereef. â€Å"The Global Financial Crisis: Economic Impact on GCC Countries and Policy Implications.† International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 41(1). 2010. Web. Hellyer, Peter. Garey, Laurence 2012, World War Two Plane Crashes in UAE. PDF file. 20 March 2012. adias-uae.com/publications/hellyergarey04.pdf Indexmundi. Country Profile of the UAE. 2012. Web. https://www.indexmundi.com/united_arab_emirates/. KAMCO 2011, Economic Brief and Outlook April 2011 of UAE. PDF file. Katzman, Kenneth 2011, The United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy. PDF file. 20 March 2012. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS21852.pdf. Khedh iri, Sami. Muhammad Naeem 2008, â€Å"Empirical Analysis of the UAE Stock Market Volatility.† International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue, 15 (2008). Web. Library of Congress 2007, Country Profile: United Arab Emirates, PDF file. Mirkin, Barry 2010, Population Levels, Trends and Policies in the Arab Region: Challenges and Opportunities. PDF file. 20 March 2012. arab-hdr.org/publications/other/ahdrps/paper01-en.pdf. MOIA 2010, UAE: Country Brief with reference with its people. PDF file. Orozco, Olivia 2009, Impact of the Global Economic Crisis in Arab Countries: A First Assessment. PDF file. Sadik, Ali 1997, Evolution and Performance of the UAE Economy 1972–1998. PDF file. Shimy, Nermine 2008, From Free Zones to Special Economic Zones – The UAE Case Study. PDF file. 20 March 2012. oecd.org/mena/competitiveness//41613492.pdf. The Economist. No sheikh-up here: Tiny shoots from the Arab Spring get crushed. 2012. Web. https://www.economist.com/midd le-east-and-africa/2012/03/17/no-sheikh-up-here. UAE Govt 2007, United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2007. PDF file. UHY 2010, Doing Business in UAE 2010. PDF file. WEF 2007, United Arab Emirates and the World. PDF file. Footnotes 1 Gulf Cooperation Council 2 Dubai Financial Market 3 Abu Dhabi Stock Market 4 Emirates Securities and Commodities Authorities 5 Public Joint Stock Companies

Culture and Leadership in a safe Industrial Environment

Culture and Leadership in a safe Industrial Environment Abstract The purpose of this paper was to discuss the role of culture, management leadership, and employee involvement in the process of improving safety in an industrial environment. In this regard, the discussion focused on the development and implementation of an improved environment, health, and safety (EHS) program at GE Aviation. The main goal of the EHS program was to develop measures for protecting the company’s employees from any harm as they work in various manufacturing plants.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Leadership in a safe Industrial Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The program was also established to enable the company to reduce its ecological footprint. The elements of the company’s culture that facilitated the development of the program included visible leadership, accountability, responsibility, and collaboration between staff and management. Management lead ership facilitated access to the resources and motivation that was required to develop the program. Employee involvement, on the other hand, enabled the company to avert resistance and to utilize the expertise of its staff to develop the program. Introduction The health and safety of workers determine the continued success of any business. Occupational health and safety can be improved through effective management leadership and employee involvement. Effective management involves â€Å"securing the health, safety, and welfare of all staff by reducing risks and ensuring protection from injuries/ harm arising out of work-related activities†. An effective management leadership should provide the motivation and the resources that are needed to improve safety at the workplace. Employee involvement, on the other hand, involves creating an enabling environment in which workers nurture and demonstrate their commitment to health and safety. This paper will focus on the role of managem ent leadership and employee involvement in promoting a safe industrial environment in the aviation industry. Specifically, it will discuss the application of organizational culture, management leadership, and employee involvement to develop an environment, health, and safety (EHS) program at General Electric (GE) Aviation. Employees who were Involved in the Program General Electric Aviation is the â€Å"world’s leading producer of jet engines for commercial and military aircrafts† (GE Aviation, 2014). The company also provides repair and maintenance services for jet engines. In this regard, the production processes of the company are characterized with several health hazards that are likely to endanger the lives of its employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the company decided to enhance the safety of its employees by developing an improved environment, health, and safety program. Apart from reducing occupational safety risks, the program also enables the company to reduce its ecological footprint. The EHS program was developed by a team of 1,000 health and safety professionals (GE Aviation, 2014). The professionals were drawn from various departments in over 500 manufacturing plants that are owned by the company. The role of the professional team was to assess the company’s safety standards and to develop improved measures for reducing exposure to health hazards at the workplace. The company’s management supported the professional team by helping them to define the goals, values, and expectations of the EHS program (GE Aviation, 2014). The management also provided the resources that the professional team required to develop the EHS program. The company’s employees also participated in the development of the EHS program by helping to identify health hazards and suggesting measures that could be tak en to address safety risks. However, the contract workers did not actively participate in the development of the program since most of them worked for the company for less than six months. What the EHS Program was Set Up to Accomplish The EHS program was developed to achieve the following objectives. First, the program was expected to promote a â€Å"culture of operational safety ownership† (GE Aviation, 2014). In particular, the company intended to utilize the EHS program to integrate operational safety ownership in its organizational culture. In this regard, the responsibility of ensuring safety at the workplace was to be accepted as a value that every employee indentified with. Second, the program was expected to develop a framework for reducing or eliminating employees’ exposure to the health/ safety risks associated with chemical operations (GE Aviation, 2014). Specifically, the program was expected to develop solutions that would enable the company to adopt safe operations through strategies such as re-engineering processes and using protective devices. Third, the EHS was set up to enable the company to reduce the accidents and injuries that occur due to human error. The company believes that employees will always make mistakes that are likely to cause injury at the workplace (GE Aviation, 2014). Consequently, the EHS program focused on redesigning the manufacturing processes that often led to human error at the workplace. Fourth, the EHS was developed to improve employee involvement in improving safety at the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Leadership in a safe Industrial Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employees are likely to support a health and safety program that they helped to develop (OSHA, 2014). This explains the company’s decision to involve all its employees in the development of the program. Finally, the EHS program was expected to facilitate organizational learning. It was expected to enable the company to learn from any health or safety incident that would occur in future. The main accomplishment of the EHS program is the health and safety intelligence system that has since been developed to improve compliance with safety requirements. The intelligence system was developed as a web-based software that uses a checklist of 680 questions to assess the company’s compliance with various safety standards (GE Aviation, 2014). It also provides suggestions for improving safety in various manufacturing operations. Where the Program was Developed The EHS program was developed in an institutional setting that promotes a collaborative approach to addressing occupational safety risks. The company believes that managers and employees must collaborate in order to develop effective solutions to the safety challenges that it faces. Accordingly, the company promotes employee involvement by obtaining feedbac k from workers in every department concerning its commitment to safety (GE Aviation, 2014). The feedbacks are often obtained through perception surveys that enable the company to receive suggestions from its employees on how to improve safety. Employees are also involved in conducting site inspections and analyzing routine hazards in order to develop safe work practices. Employee involvement facilitated the development of the EHS program in several ways. To begin with, staff involvement enabled the health and safety professionals to incorporate the expectations of the employees in the goals and objectives of the EHS program. In addition, the values of the program were based on the employees’ needs for safety at the workplace (GE Aviation, 2014). As a result, the employees supported the development and implementation of the program. In this case, employee involvement enabled the company to avoid staff resistance during the development and implementation of the EHS program. In addition, employee involvement promoted the culture of operational safety ownership. This was achieved by improving employees’ commitment to enhancing their safety and that of their colleagues. The success of GE Aviation’s EHS program can also be attributed to the fact that it was developed in an institutional setting that promoted the culture of responsibility and accountability. Accountability leads to a safe industrial environment by enabling companies to measure the performance of managers based on predetermined health/ safety goals and standards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An effective accountability model must have established performance standards, evaluation system, and the resources that managers need to meet their targets. Moreover, it must be applicable at all levels and provide incentives that promote high performance. Accordingly, GE Aviation’s operations managers bear the greatest responsibility of improving the safety of its staff. The company’s culture of responsibility and accountability enabled the health and safety professionals to develop appropriate goals that each operations manager had to achieve in order to improve the safety of employees (GE Aviation, 2014). The managers were evaluated and rewarded based on the extent to which they achieved their health and safety goals. As a result, the managers focused on inspiring employees to internalize the values of the EHS program. However, delegating too much responsibility to operations managers negatively affected the company’s commitment to promote a culture of occup ational safety ownership. In particular, the employees perceived occupational safety as the responsibility of the managers rather than every worker in the company. Undoubtedly, ownership of the process of improving safety can only be enhanced if responsibilities are distributed equally among employees. Visible leadership is also an important element of GE Aviation’s organizational culture that facilitated the development of the EHS program. Visible leadership involves leading by example and participating actively in safety and health committees at the workplace (OSHA, 2014). Accordingly, the company’s management focused on developing the EHS program without undercutting the authority of the operations managers to steer the program. The operations managers retained the authority to make key decisions concerning the implementation of the program. This devolved system of making decisions enabled the company’s leadership to involve as many employees as possible in d ecision-making processes through consultations between operations managers and their juniors. When the Program was Developed The program’s development life cycle lasted for a period of eighteen months. Origination was the first stage in the development of the EHS program. At this stage, the company’s CEO having recognized the business case for improving employee safety, proposed the idea of developing a comprehensive EHS program (GE Aviation, 2014). The focus of the origination stage was to win employees’ support for the idea of developing an improved EHS program. In this regard, effective management leadership enabled the company’s CEO to create a sense of urgency for change within the company. The CEO focused on inspiring and motivating the employees at various levels to support the proposed EHS program. Having won the support of key change agents within the company, the management officially initiated the process of developing the new EHS program. An E HS program manager was selected to lead the process of overhauling the company’s health and safety system (GE Aviation, 2014). After the initiation, the management proceeded to the planning stage where detailed plans for developing the program were developed. At this stage, effective management leadership enabled the company’s managers to determine the program’s scope, goals, costs, risks, and opportunities (GE Aviation, 2014). Employees were actively involved at this stage in various activities such as cost benefit analysis, reviewing existing safety standards, and making suggestions on the processes that needed re-engineering to improve safety. The rationale of this strategy is that employee involvement leads to high staff commitment and motivation, which in turn improves participation in health and safety promotion initiatives. The feedback from employees enabled the management to identify the solutions that had to be implemented to improve safety. In additio n, the employees provided valuable insights that enabled the company to provide adequate resources for the program. Having developed the plans, the management proceeded to the execution stage where key deliverables were managed. The key deliverables included budgets, implementation schedules, and plans that defined the strategies that were expected to improve safety. At this stage, the focus of the company’s management leadership was to provide the technical expertise that was required to develop and implement the program (GE Aviation, 2014). Consequently, the team of health and safety professionals concentrated on implementing the solutions that had been identified to improve safety. Employees’ involvement at this stage included provision of supportive services such as reviewing budgets, as well as, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation process. In the last stage, the new EHS program was adopted by the company’s management. Currently, the employees an d the management are actively involved in implementing the requirements of the program and reviewing its effectiveness on a regular basis. This is important because reviewing health and safety programs through employee involvement enables managers to address emerging health and safety risks at the workplace in time (AHMP, 2014). Why the EHS Program Came About The EHS program came about due to the following reasons. First, the management of GE Aviation had a goal of reducing occupational hazards in order to improve the safety of its employees. Health and safety conditions are important elements of the industrial environment since they determine the productivity of workers (NOISH, 2014). Employees who feel unsafe are likely to leave the company in order to avoid endangering their lives. Thus, GE Aviation’s management adopted the EHS program to reduce labor turnover and to increase the productivity of its workforce. Second, the EHS program was adopted to help the company to comp ly with the regulations concerning safety in an industrial environment. The program was expected to enable the company to identify viable strategies for achieving or exceeding the workplace safety standards set by organizations such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Compliance with occupational safety and health regulations helps companies to avoid penalties and cancelation of their licenses due to poor or unsafe work conditions (OSHA, 2014). Thus, GE Aviation had to establish a new EHS program to help it comply with regulations. Third, the company intended to reduce its impact on the environment through the EHS program. This goal was to be achieved by re-engineering various manufacturing processes in order to reduce the amount of toxic substances that the company discharged to the ambient environment. As a result, the company would reduce the exposure of its employees to toxic substances that are harmful to health. Moreover, the company would be able to reduc e its level of pollution (GE Aviation, 2014). Reducing the level of pollution and improving employees’ safety was expected to improve the company’s image in the countries that it operates in. Furthermore, reducing pollution would enable the company to attain its objective of achieving sustainable production of jet engines. How the EHS Program Functioned Politically, Technically, and Financially Politically, the EHS received adequate support in various departments within the company. The employees welcomed the idea of developing an improved EHS system because it would improve their wellbeing. However, there were divisions at departmental committees on how the EHS program was supposed to be implemented. For instance, the finance committee did not agree with the initial budgetary allocation. According to the finance committee, the EHS program did not deserve a significant budgetary allocation since it did not directly lead to generation of revenues (GE Aviation, 2014). De spite the differences in opinions in various committees, the EHS manager and his team managed to solicit adequate support and resources to develop and implement the program in time. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the company’s management leadership in the process of developing the new EHS program. The technical aspect of the EHS program did not encounter a lot of challenges. At the onset, the company’s management had a clear understanding of the expertise that was needed to develop and implement the program. Consequently, the management employed a team of 1,000 professionals who were qualified in various disciplines to steer the development of the EHS program (GE Aviation, 2014). High employee involvement also enabled the company to utilize the expertise and experiences of its staff who were not directly involved in the development of the program. The financial performance of the EHS program was average. The management intended to implement the program within t he set budgetary allocations. However, there were cost overruns due to minor changes in the original plans (GE Aviation, 2014). For instance, the training of operations managers took longer than was expected, thereby increasing the costs. Nonetheless, the cost overruns were not significantly. Conclusion GE Aviation developed a new EHS program to improve the safety of its employees who work in over 500 manufacturing plants. The main factor that led to the adoption of the new program was the need to improve productivity and to reduce labor turnover by creating a safe working environment. In this regard, the goals of the program included creating a culture of accountability among operations managers, reducing human error, and improving employee involvement in implementing safety measures. In addition, the program was expected to enable the company to learn from future incidents in order to improve its health and safety conditions. The success of the program is mainly attributed to effe ctive management leadership and high employee involvement. The company’s management participated in the development of the program by providing the required resources, setting goals, and soliciting employees’ support. Employee involvement enabled the management to avoid resistance from workers during the implementation of the program. Additionally, the employees collaborated with the management to complete various tasks such as identifying health hazards and suggesting solutions to address them. References AHMP. (2014). Regulatory and management perspectives. Web. GE Aviation. (2014). GE citizenship. Web. Gravel, S., Rheaume, J., Legendre, G. (2011). Strategies to develop and maintain occupational health and safety measures in small businesses employing immigrant workers in metropolitan Montreal. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 4(2), 164-178. Griffith, A., Bhutto, K. (2008). Improving environemental performance through integrated management syst ems (IMS) in the UK. International Journal of Environmental Quality Management, 19(5), 565-578. Leman, A., Yusof, M., Jung, W. (2010). Environmental quality index (EQI) for industrial ventilation and occupational safety and health evaluation in manufacturing plant. Asian Journal on Quality, 11(3), 210-222. NOISH. (2014). Hazards and exposures. Web. OSHA. (2014). Regulations. Web. Zwetsloot, G., Scheppingen, A., Dijkman, A. (2010). The organizational benefits of investing in workplace healthand safety. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 3(2), 143-159.

The Meaning of Witchs Cake in the Salem Witch Trials

The Meaning of Witch's Cake in the Salem Witch Trials It was believed that a witchs cake had the power to reveal whether witchcraft was afflicting a person with symptoms of illness.  Such a cake or biscuit was made with rye flour and the urine of the afflicted person.  The cake was then fed to a dog. If the dog exhibited the same symptoms, the presence of witchcraft was proven.  Why a dog?  A dog was believed to be a common familiar associated with the devil.  The dog was then supposed to point to the witches who had afflicted the victim. In Salem Village, in the Massachusetts colony, in 1692, such a witchs cake was key in the first accusations of witchcraft that led to court trials and executions of many who were accused.  The practice was apparently a well known folk practice in English culture of the time. What Happened? In Salem Village, Massachusetts,  in January of 1692 (by the modern calendar), several girls began behaving erratically.  One of these girls was Elizabeth Parris, known as Betty, who was nine years old at the time.  She was the daughter of the Rev. Samuel Parris, the minister of the Salem Village Church. Another was Abigail Williams, who was 12 years old and an orphaned niece of Rev. Samuel Parris, who lived with the Parris family.  They complained of fever and convulsions. The father tried prayer, on the model of Cotton Mather who had written about curing similar symptoms in another case. He also had the congregation and some other local clergy pray for the girls to cure their affliction.  When prayer did not cure the illness, Rev. Parris brought in another minister, John Hale,  and the local physician, William Griggs, who observed the symptoms in the girls, and could find no physical reason. They suggested that witchcraft was involved. Whose Idea and Who Made the Cake? A neighbor of the Parris family, Mary Sibley, recommended the making of witchs cake to reveal whether witchcraft was involved.  She gave directions to John Indian, a slave serving the Parris family, to make the cake.  He collected urine from the girls and then had  Tituba, another slave in the household, actually bake the witchs cake and feed it to the dog that lived in the Parris household. (Both Tituba and John Indian were slaves, most likely of Indian origin, brought to Massachusetts Bay Colony by Rev. Parris from Barbados.) Even though the diagnosis didnt work, Rev. Parris denounced in church the use of this magic. He said it didnt matter if it was done with good intentions,  calling it going to the devil for help against the devil.  Mary Sibley, according to church records, was suspended from communion, then restored when she stood and confessed before the congregation and the people of the congregation raised their hands to show they were satisfied with her confession. Mary Sibley then disappears from the records about the trials, though Tituba and the girls figure prominently. The girls ended up naming those they accused of witchcraft.  The first accused were Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osbourne.  Sarah Good later died in prison and Sarah Good was executed in July.  Tituba confessed to witchcraft, so she was exempted from execution, and she later turned accuser. By the end of the trials early the following year, four accused witches had died in prison, one had been pressed to death, and nineteen were hanged. What Really Afflicted the Girls? Scholars generally agree that the accusations were rooted in a community hysteria, primed by belief in the supernatural.  Politics within the church likely played a part, with Rev. Parris at the center of controversy over power and compensation.  Politics in the colony - at a shaky time, including resolving the colonys status with the King and wars with the French and Indians, likely also played a part.  Some point to controversy over inheritance, especially targeting those who interfered with inheritances.  There were also some old squabbles among community members. All these are credited by some or many historians as playing a part in the unfolding of the accusations and trials.  A few historians have also argued that grain that had been contaminated with a fungus called ergot may have caused some of the symptoms.

Government and Nation's Growth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government and Nation's Growth - Research Paper Example Half a million more jobs today are available in Texas than it managed before the recession; however other states are still struggling their way out of a deep hole; this shows that there is much difference as compared inter-state. Currently, there is no federal unemployment extension fo the year 2014. The main unemployment advantage at the moment that is in place are the state unemployment insurance merits which avails up to a maximum of twenty-six weeks on unemployment reimbursement. Evidently, it is necessary that all states in USA should prepare the youth careers and education spanning above high school level (Bardhan, Jaffee, & Kroll, 2004). Reports from U.S.A Census Bureau, averagely, high school graduates carry home twenty eight per cent extra annually as compared to high school dropouts. The rate of unemployment for high school drop outs is a third higher that high school graduates; this nearly triples college graduate level with either a bachelor degree or even higher. In real events, college graduates are estimated to be carrying extra $ 1 million as compared to high school graduates. The joblessness rate by race era series retraces its roots back to the year 1954. Excluding the Asian time sequence, all of the rates presented here are adjusted seasonally. Hispanics may belong to any race (Whalen, 2002). The joblessness rate time series for women and men and as well dates back to the year 1948. Conventionally, women have enjoyed greater employment stability when compared to men during economic crisis. The Government of United States measures inflation through pinpointing products and services that exemplify the economy then decides the ‘basket’ price. The decided ‘basket’ price is represented by an index well known to be Consumer Price Index for all customers in the urban areas. I t compares the basket price over duration for the purpose

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - Research Paper Example Roskin (2012) asserts that the Kennedy’s doctrine was for responding flexibly to communist expansion, particularly to guerrilla warfare. Initially, the Kennedy counterinsurgency program succeeded in overturning the foreign policy establishment in a bout of seminars, uptight formulation of strange policy, counterinsurgency courses and bureaucratic upheavals. Nonetheless, this counterinsurgency orientation has not been executed at the detriment of its hitherto extremely prominent twin, which was the offensive unconventional warfare. Apparently, the Kennedy administration became practically instigated with the landing craft designated for Cuba, which started in April 1961 with efforts of meddling with existing governments there and in Congo; this was a lasting feature of those three brief years. However, it was a set of initiatives to develop an extensive counterinsurgency policy that controlled the years of Kennedy, with a doctrine, infrastructure, and a program of counterinsurg ency being developed nearly overnight. This counterinsurgency era regarding the military and the intelligence establishments started with Kennedy and thereafter faded away with the withdrawal of the United States from Vietnam. This program drew partly from the same resources built up for unconventional warfare, and offered a new and integrated tactic to a deserted Cold War’s theater (Ucko, 2009). Kennedy's involvement in confronting the guerrilla warfare has in most cases been seen as a reaction to the back-up of wars of liberation by Nikita Khrushchev. There are perceptions that the speech by Khrushchev in January 1961, following Kennedy's inauguration, is particularly significant in electrifying the new president to a program of action. Nonetheless, Khrushchev's rhetoric was possibly rather less significant compared to the troubles with communists present in Vietnam and Laos, ideological doubts concerning African decolonization, and the unfinished business within Cuba; however, efforts were in progress for slapping down the first unbeaten communist revolution within the America's backyard (Ucko, 2009). According to the accounts of meeting by National Security Council regarding Kennedy's initial months in office, much of his thinking, and that of his group, had previously been crystallized with the

Thought Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thought Paper - Essay Example â€Å"The general terms "high context" and "low context" (popularized by Edward Hall) are used to describe broad-brush cultural differences between societies† (Beer). These are the things that we discuss in the next section. High context societies or groups are observed to have close connections over a long period of time. In this context, we see that â€Å"many aspects of cultural behavior are not made explicit because most members know what to do and what to think from years of interaction with each other† thus a family is a fit example for this (Beer). On the other hand, â€Å"low context refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some specific reason. In these societies, cultural behavior and beliefs may need to be spelled out explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave† (Beer). Conflict resolution will differ according to the level of context the group has. Conflict in a low context group might might resort to adherence to certain rules in resolving conflict. This means a strict or rigid written rule. On the other hand, conflict in a high context group such as the family, can be resolved with under standing and patience. This does not necessitate an arbiter or a written code but patient and compassionate understanding of others’ faults. The key concepts, such as honor, shame and saving face will also differ across cultures. Honor can be of varying level according to culture. For some like the Japanese, authorities are regarding with highest honor so that submission easily follows from the subordinates. More liberal countries such as America or even the Third World country such as the Philippines encourage citizen’s freedom thus authorities are ostracized such as done during mass rally and political revolution. Resolving with authorities in a culture such as Japan would necessitate paying much honor to the authorities. On the other hand, â€Å"shame is a common form of

Strategic Human Resource Management-11 Assignment

Strategic Human Resource Management-11 - Assignment Example In order to achieve HC-centric management, high involvement approach and global competitor approach can be employed by organizations. However, these two approaches highly depend on efficient employment of talent as a major distinguisher and foundation of competitive advantage. The only difference in the utilization of above approaches is on how they take care of talent and their expectations of gaining competitive advantage (Edward 2). For example, high involvement approach emphasizes on the nature of work that workers are anticipated to do. It also gives room for employees to make decisions about their effectiveness and their level of performance. This means that employees have the responsibility of ensuring that they are capable of self-managing themselves (Edward 2). In the side of global competitor approach, emphasis is on how employees can constantly upgrade their talent. Due to this fact, employees are expected to deliver top scores in their area of duties. Failure to attain th eir goals, they are replaced by other individuals with potentials to perform better (Edward 5). Scott-Jackson noted that very few HR plans have the capacity to address the need to realize competitive advantage through differentiating capabilities. On his side, Edward Lawler argues that organizations need to have the ability to organize and manage people. In fact, Scott argues that most HR plans only aims at developing people in relation to what their competitors’ do, something he argues can not enable competitive advantage. To give solutions to this problem, Edward on his side believes that high involvement approach and global competitor approach can be employed by organizations in order to contribute to effective organization performance, thus competitive

The Hippies and Their Impact On Society Research Paper

The Hippies and Their Impact On Society - Research Paper Example Francis of Assisi, Gandhi, Aldous Huxley, and even J.R.R. Tolkien.2 The first signs of modern â€Å"proto-hippies† developed in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most notably in Germany with a countercultural youth movement called Der Wandervogel (â€Å"migratory bird†).3 Like Wandervogel, the hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement, consisting of white teenagers and young adults between 15 and 25 years old. The word â€Å"hippie† probably derives from the word â€Å"hip.† The term â€Å"hipster† was created by jazz musician Harry Gibson in 1940, in his stage name â€Å"Harry the Hipster.† During the 40s and 50s, â€Å"hipster† was used to describe jazz musicians; in 1945, Gibson was called a â€Å"hippie† during a radio show, but it was probably a derivation of Gibson’s stage name. The term was used by journalists in the mid-1960s to refer to a new group of beatniks in San Francisco . The New York Times, for example, changed the spelling from â€Å"hippy,† which described a kind of fashion, to â€Å"hippie.† Hippies also have roots in the beatniks, a group of post-WWII writers, including Alan Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, who inspired what came to be called the Beat Generation. Central to the beatniks was experimentation with drugs and alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, non-conformity, and spontaneous creativity. As the beatnik movement expanded, it moved from New York City to San Francisco, where it was incorporated into the hippie movement. Hippie culture spread throughout the world through rock music, folk, blues, and psychedelic rock, as well as through literature, drama, fashion, film, rock concert posters, and album covers. By 1968, hippies in the U.S. had become a significant minority, accounting for almost 0.2% of the population. The hippie movement, along with the New Left and Civil Rights, can best be understood as a dissenting group of the 1960s counterculture. Its members rejected established institutions, criticized middle class values, and opposed nuclear weapons and the Vietnam War. Hippies adopted some parts of Eastern philosophy, championed sexual freedom, used psychedelic drugs like LSD to expand their consciousness, were often vegetarians, embraced the beginnings of the environmental movement, and created communes. They expressed their culture through performance theater, a rt, folk music, and psychedelic rock. They supported an ideology that included peace, love, and personal freedom that was best expressed by the song â€Å"All You Need is Love† by The Beatles, whom many hippies embraced as spokesman of their ideals. Like the Beats, hippies rejected much of mainstream society, but unlike the Beat, they wanted to change society by expressing their ideology and through modeling different ways of behaving.4 The peak of the hippie movement occurred in 1967 in San Francisco. Young people converged to the city, first during the outdoor Human Be-in in January, when 20,000 hippies gathered in Golden Gate Park, to the Monterey Pop Festival in June, which marked the beginning of â€Å"the Summer of Love.† Young people from all over the world were inspired to come to San Francisco, especially the Haight-Asbury