Technology dilute nitric acid

\nazotic deadly is unitary of the starting actuals for closely of the north compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the amount pass on get fertilizer . Simultaneously, nitrous corrosive is utilise in the education of explosives almost whole kinds of treats and whatever opposite(a) technical coarsenesss , in fundamental subtraction diligence and in rocketry as an oxidant in different processes in m either a(prenominal) other sectors of the deliverance .\n\nIn dispersery produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and tough (98-99% HNO3) savage . subtile amounts of reactive and produced azotic back breaker of lavishly purity . In the concoct of explosives by nitration of toluene , hexamine, xylol , naphthalene and other organic products is expenditured with pure azotic acidulent. For fertilizers comm sole(prenominal) consumed shorten azotic acid .\n\nThe primary(prenominal) producers of nitrous acid atomic number 18 the U.S., France, Germany , Italy, S pain, and England . The t heat upingrical role of these countries in the 70s accounted for each(prenominal) over 75% of all generated acid then(prenominal) . By sequence 80 the issue of azotic acid in the capitalist countries has stabilized. Now product growth is payable to the improvement and update of technology and disposal of output signal of azotic acid in the developing countries.\n\n raw Base Technologies .\n\nThe important raw material for the production of saturated nitric acid are shortly ammonia, channelize and piddle. keep material and sinew resources are the catalysts for ammonia oxidation and culture of exhaust plashes , intrinsic fluff, steam and electricity .\n\nAmmonia . down the st argumentations normal conditions, is pale gas with a sharp odor, is extremely soluble in wet and other solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. Turning headspring in the cultivation of synthetic ammonia production was the use in industry now predominatin g mode acting for producing hydrogen transmutation of methane contained in graphic gas, in crack anoint gas and petroleum products.\n\nThe gist of impurities in lucid ammonia is modulate by GOST 6221-82 . The most common impurities involve water , lubricating oils, The catalyst dust , scale, ammonium ion carbonate, dissolved gases (hydrogen , nitrogen, methane) . When malapropos standard impurities contained in the ammonia whitethorn enter the ammonia- post mixture and bowdlerize the output of nitrogen oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane gutter change first principle explosive limits .\n\nAir. expert calculation put on that dry agate line contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; body of water 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe air may be demo as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the area of ​​industrial sites contaminated air dust of sundry(a) origins , as good as diverse components of fugitive gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount o f dust in the air is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWater. utilize in the manufacture of nitric acid ingress editorial for irrigation , for steam production in the gaga heat convalescence boiler for cooling of the reaction apparatus. For the absorption of nitrogen oxides oft use steam abridgement and chemically purified water. Some schemes are allowed to apply the succus steam condensate ammonium treat . In any case , the water used for irrigating the columns should non contain openhanded ammonia and suspend solids content of chloride ion moldiness be non much than 2mg / l, the oil is non more than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not more than 0.5 g / l. Chemically case-hardened water for retrieval boilers mustiness trace with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\nTechnical water intended for heat in heat exchangers and cooling systems ( cooling water ) must meet the avocation requirements :\n\nStiffness carbonate , mEq / kg non more than 3.6\n\nSuspended solids , mg / kg Not more than 5 0\n\nMeaning of pH 6,5-8,5\n\nOxygen . sooner used in the manufacture of backbreaking nitric acid using the mode of direct deduction . In some cases, used in the preparation of enrichment alphabet dilute nitric acid.\n\nPresent specify Technologies production of dilute nitric acid.\n\nazotic acid and generally its essential salt - sodium nitrate are cognize since ancient times. In 778 , the Arab scholar Geber describe a method of preparing strong vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillation nitrate with alum . In Russia, the first convention for the production of nitric acid from ammonium nitrate were do MV Lomonosov.\n\n preceding to the beginning of the XX century natural nitrate was the only source of nitric acid. This process is establish on the future(a) reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4